Education
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401 terms listed alphabetically by English term. Spanish translations reflect established U.S. government and professional equivalents where available.
| Term (EN / ES) | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | ||
| 504 Plan Plan 504 | The 504 Plan is a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the Rehabilitation Act and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment. These accommodations and modifications must ensure that there is no discrimination because of the child’s disability. | specialeducationguide.com |
| A | ||
| AAC Device (Augmentative and Alternative Communication Device) dispositivo de comunicación aumentativa y alternativa | AAC includes all forms of communication (other than oral speech) that are used to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas. An AAC device is a tool that uses a non-speech mode of communication to augment spoken language. AAC devices include electronic devices that digitize or synthesize speech and non-electronic communication aids such as manual communication boards. | asha.org |
| abdominal strength and endurance fuerza y resistencia del músculo abdominal | The physical fitness component measuring the strength and endurance of abdominal muscles, assessed as part of California's Physical Fitness Test. | cde.ca.gov |
| ability habilidad; capacidad | A student's capacity to perform tasks; used broadly to describe cognitive, physical, or academic capability. | cde.ca.gov |
| abnormality anormalidad | A condition that deviates from what is considered typical in development or functioning. | cde.ca.gov |
| above average superior al nivel promedio | Performance that exceeds the typical or expected level for a student's age or grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| absence ausencia; falta | A student's failure to attend school; may be excused or unexcused. | cde.ca.gov |
| abstract reasoning razonamiento abstracto | The ability to think about objects or ideas not physically present; a component of cognitive ability testing. | cde.ca.gov |
| academic achievement rendimiento académico; logro académico | The extent to which a student has attained educational goals; measured by grades, test scores, and assessments. | cde.ca.gov |
| academic achievement goals metas de rendimientos académicos | Specific, measurable targets set for student learning and performance outcomes. | cde.ca.gov |
| academic calendar calendario académico | The schedule of instructional days, holidays, and events for a school year. | cde.ca.gov |
| Academic Intervention intervención académica | Targeted, evidence-based instruction for students who are struggling academically, often within an RTI/MTSS framework. | ldaamerica.org |
| academic standards normas académicas | Statements that define what students are expected to know and be able to do at each grade level in each subject. | cde.ca.gov |
| accelerated courses cursos acelerados | Classes that cover content at a faster pace or higher level than standard courses, designed for advanced learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| accessibility resources recursos de accesibilidad | Tools, supports, and accommodations that help all students access assessments and instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| accommodations adaptaciones; acomodaciónes | Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners’ weaknesses without modifying the curriculum. Students receiving accommodations read the same material and take the same tests as their peers without disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| accountability rendición de cuentas; responsabilidad | The system by which schools, districts, and states are held responsible for student academic performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| achievement gap brecha del rendimiento académico | The persistent disparity in academic performance or attainment between different groups of students. | ldaamerica.org |
| achievement level nivel de rendimiento; nivel de desempeño | A defined performance category indicating where a student's score falls on a standardized assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| achievement test prueba de rendimiento académicos | A standardized test designed to measure a student's knowledge and skills in a specific subject area. | cde.ca.gov |
| acquisition adquisición | The process by which students gain knowledge, skills, or language through instruction or experience. | cde.ca.gov |
| acquisition deficit déficit de adquisición | A type of social skills deficit that stems from a lack of knowledge: a child does not understand a skill, and thus cannot master it. | specialeducationguide.com |
| action plan plan de acción | A document outlining specific steps, responsibilities, and timelines to achieve a goal. | cde.ca.gov |
| active learning aprendizaje activo | An instructional approach in which students engage directly with material through activities and problem-solving. | cde.ca.gov |
| adaptations adaptaciones; ajustes curriculares | Changes in educational environments that allow students with disabilities to participate in inclusive environments by compensating for learners’ weaknesses. | specialeducationguide.com |
| adaptive behavior conducta adaptativa | The collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills people use in everyday life; a factor in evaluating intellectual disability. | cde.ca.gov |
| adaptive skills habilidades de adaptación | Practical, social, and conceptual skills used in daily life; assessed when determining eligibility for intellectual disability services. | cde.ca.gov |
| adequate progress indicators indicadores de progreso adecuado | Measures used to determine whether students and schools are meeting expected levels of academic growth. | cde.ca.gov |
| adjustment ajuste | Changes made to a student's environment or program to better meet their needs. | cde.ca.gov |
| administer, to aplicar; administrar | To give or deliver an assessment according to established procedures. | cde.ca.gov |
| administration administración | The management and oversight of a school or district. | cde.ca.gov |
| administrator administrador/a | A school or district leader responsible for management and oversight. | cde.ca.gov |
| adolescence adolescencia | The developmental period between childhood and adulthood, generally ages 12–18. | cde.ca.gov |
| adult education educación de adultos | Educational programs designed for learners beyond traditional school age. | cde.ca.gov |
| advanced performance level nivel avanzado | The highest achievement level on California state assessments, indicating a student has exceeded grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| advanced students estudiantes avanzados | Students performing above grade-level expectations in one or more subject areas. | cde.ca.gov |
| advisory committee comité asesor | A group of stakeholders that provides guidance and recommendations to a school, district, or agency. | cde.ca.gov |
| Advocate defensor/a; representante | A person who speaks or acts on behalf of a student with a disability to ensure appropriate services are received. | specialeducationguide.com |
| aerobic capacity capacidad aeróbica | A measure of cardiovascular fitness; the ability of the heart, lungs, and muscles to sustain prolonged exercise. | cde.ca.gov |
| age-appropriate educational environments entornos educativos apropiados para la edad del niño | Settings and activities that match the developmental and social expectations for a child's chronological age. | cde.ca.gov |
| alternate assessment prueba alterna | An assessment for students with the most significant cognitive disabilities who cannot participate in the standard state assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| alternative assessment prueba alternativa | A non-traditional assessment approach such as portfolios or performance tasks, used instead of or alongside standardized tests. | cde.ca.gov |
| annual assessment prueba anual | A standardized test administered once per year to measure student academic performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| assessment evaluación; prueba; examen | Evaluations ranging from teacher observations to standardized tests used to identify a student's strengths, weaknesses, and progress. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| assessment plan plan de evaluación | A written description of the assessments that will be used to evaluate a student’s strengths, weaknesses and progress and to determine his or her eligibility for special education services and the types of services that would help that student succeed. In some states the school district is given 15 days to decide which testing services will be used and put that into a plan, while in other states the time frame is not defined. However, IDEA gives only 60 days to complete an evaluation from the time a parent gives permission. | specialeducationguide.com |
| assessment window lapso de evaluación | The designated period during which a specific assessment may be administered. | cde.ca.gov |
| at-risk students estudiantes en riesgo del fracaso escolar | Students more likely to fail or drop out due to factors such as poverty, language barriers, or disability. | cde.ca.gov |
| attendance asistencia | The act of being present at school; a key measure of student engagement. | cde.ca.gov |
| attendance rate tasa de asistencia escolar | The percentage of school days a student or group attends school. | cde.ca.gov |
| B | ||
| Back-Saver Sit and Reach Test Prueba de extensión del tronco | A physical fitness test measuring flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles. | cde.ca.gov |
| balance equilibrio | The ability to maintain bodily equilibrium during static and dynamic activities. | cde.ca.gov |
| baseline data datos iniciales | Initial data collected before an intervention begins, used as a reference point to measure change. | cde.ca.gov |
| basic performance level nivel básico de rendimiento | An achievement level indicating partial understanding of grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| basic sight words palabras básicas reconocibles de vista | High-frequency words students are expected to recognize immediately without decoding. | cde.ca.gov |
| basic skills habilidades básicas | Foundational academic competencies in reading, writing, and mathematics necessary for further learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| behavior conducta; comportamiento | The observable actions or reactions of a student in an educational setting. | cde.ca.gov |
| behavior disorder trastorno del comportamiento | A pattern of disruptive or inappropriate behaviors that interferes with a student's learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| Behavior Management manejo de la conducta; manejo conductual; manejo del comportamiento; gestión del comportamiento | Responding to, preventing, and de-escalating disruptive behavior in an educational setting. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| behavioral objective objetivo del comportamiento | A clearly stated, measurable description of what a student will be able to do after instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| below average por debajo del promedio | Performance lower than the typical level for a student's age or grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| below basic performance level por debajo del nivel básico | The lowest achievement level, indicating a student has not demonstrated foundational skills at grade level. | cde.ca.gov |
| below expectations por debajo de las expectativas | Performance that does not meet the anticipated level for a student's grade or age. | cde.ca.gov |
| below standard por debajo de las normas | Performance that does not meet established academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| benchmark punto de referencia | A standard or point of reference used to evaluate student performance or measure progress. | cde.ca.gov |
| benchmark test prueba de referencia; examen de referencia | An assessment administered at regular intervals to measure student progress toward meeting standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual assessment evaluación bilingüe | An evaluation of a student's skills conducted in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual education educación bilingüe | An instructional program in which academic content is taught in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual educational aide auxiliar educativo/a bilingüe | A paraprofessional who supports instruction in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual immersion program Programa de inmersión bilingüe | An educational program in which students develop proficiency in two languages through instruction in both. | cde.ca.gov |
| biliteracy lectoescritura en dos idiomas | The ability to read and write proficiently in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| biliterate que domina la lectoescritura en dos idiomas | Describing a person who has attained reading and writing proficiency in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bipartisan bipartidista | Involving cooperation or agreement between two political parties. | cde.ca.gov |
| birth certificate acta de nacimiento; partida de nacimiento | Official document recording the birth of a child, often required for school enrollment. | cde.ca.gov |
| birth date fecha de nacimiento | The date on which a person was born; required for school enrollment records. | cde.ca.gov |
| board meeting reunión del consejo | A formal gathering of the governing board of a school district to conduct official business. | cde.ca.gov |
| board of directors consejo directivo | The governing body responsible for policy and oversight of an organization. | cde.ca.gov |
| board of education Consejo de educación | The governing body responsible for policy and oversight of a school district. | cde.ca.gov |
| body composition composición corporal | The proportion of fat and non-fat mass in the body; a component of physical fitness assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| booklet (test booklet) cuadernillo (de prueba) | A printed document containing the questions or prompts for a standardized test. | cde.ca.gov |
| bridging proficiency level nivel de enlace | The highest level of English language proficiency on California's ELD continuum, indicating near-native fluency. | cde.ca.gov |
| broadly literate ampliamente instruido | Having a wide range of literacy skills across multiple subjects and disciplines. | cde.ca.gov |
| budget allocations asignaciones del presupuesto | The distribution of funds to different programs, departments, or schools within a district. | cde.ca.gov |
| budget shortfall insuficiencia del presupuesto | A deficit occurring when available funds are insufficient to cover planned expenses. | cde.ca.gov |
| C | ||
| California English Language Development Standards Normas para el desarrollo de inglés en California | Standards defining the progression of English language proficiency for English learners in California. | cde.ca.gov |
| California Preschool Learning Foundations Fundamentos del aprendizaje preescolar en California | Documents that describe the knowledge and skills children typically develop in preschool programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| California School Dashboard Tablero de información escolar de California | An online tool showing how California schools and districts are performing on state and local measures. | cde.ca.gov |
| California State Board of Education Mesa Directiva Estatal de Educación de California | The governing body setting policy for California's public schools, including standards and curriculum frameworks. | cde.ca.gov |
| campus plantel escolar | The physical grounds and buildings of a school. | cde.ca.gov |
| cap and gown toga y birrete | The traditional academic dress worn at graduation ceremonies. | cde.ca.gov |
| career pathway trayectoria de una carerra universitaria o profesional | A sequence of related courses and experiences leading to a specific career or field of study. | cde.ca.gov |
| categorical programs programas categóricos | Federally or state-funded programs targeting specific student groups or needs. | cde.ca.gov |
| certificate of proficiency Certificado de aptitud académica | A document certifying that a student has demonstrated mastery of required academic competencies. | cde.ca.gov |
| charter school escuela de convenio | A publicly funded school that operates independently under a contract with a school district or authorizing agency. | cde.ca.gov |
| child niño/a; menor de edad | A person under the age of 18; in educational contexts, refers to school-age students. | cde.ca.gov |
| child advocate defensor/a de menores de edad | A person who acts in the best interests of a child, particularly regarding educational and social services. | cde.ca.gov |
| child development program Programa para el desarrollo infantil | An early education program focused on supporting children's cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development. | cde.ca.gov |
| Child Find Program programa para identificar niños con discapacidades | A program, mandated by IDEA, that continuously searches for and evaluates children who may have a disability. Child Find Programs can vary widely from school district to school district. | specialeducationguide.com |
| child with a disability niño/a con discapacidad | Under IDEA, a child evaluated as having one or more of the 13 disability categories who needs special education and related services. | ldaamerica.org |
| childhood development desarrollo infantil | The process of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth from birth through adolescence. | cde.ca.gov |
| children with disabilities niños/as con discapacidades | Students identified as having one or more disabilities under IDEA requiring special education services. | cde.ca.gov |
| class size reduction reducción de la proporción de estudiantes por maestro | A policy lowering the number of students per classroom to improve instructional quality. | cde.ca.gov |
| classroom salón; aula | The room or space where instruction takes place. | cde.ca.gov |
| classroom management manejo del salón de clases; manejo del aula | The approach to arranging a class, encompassing lesson planning, routines, procedures, interactions, and discipline. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| collaborative teaching enseñanza en equipo colaborativo; coenseñanza | A teaching strategy in which two or more teachers work together, sharing responsibilities to help all students succeed in the classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| college and career readiness preparación para la universidad y el trabajo | The knowledge, skills, and behaviors students need to succeed in entry-level college courses or workforce training. | cde.ca.gov |
| community college universidad pública de dos años | A two-year public institution offering associate degrees, certificates, and transfer preparation. | cde.ca.gov |
| community schools escuelas comunitarias | Schools that serve as community hubs by providing a range of services for students, families, and communities. | cde.ca.gov |
| compensatory education educación compensatoria | Educational services provided as compensation for a period during which a student was denied FAPE. | ldaamerica.org |
| competency capacidad; aptitud | The ability to perform a task or demonstrate knowledge at an expected level of proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| compliance cumplimiento; conformidad; acatamiento | Adherence to federal, state, and local laws and policies governing education. | cde.ca.gov |
| compliance review evaluación del cumplimiento con los reglamentos | An evaluation to determine whether a school or district is adhering to applicable laws and regulations. | cde.ca.gov |
| computer literacy habilidades y conocimientos fundamentales en la computación | The ability to use computers and related technology effectively. | cde.ca.gov |
| computer-based testing prueba administrada a través de una computadora | Administration of assessments via computer rather than paper and pencil. | cde.ca.gov |
| constructed-response question pregunta que requiere una respuesta escrita | A test question requiring students to produce a written answer rather than select from options. | cde.ca.gov |
| content knowledge conocimiento académico | The understanding of facts, concepts, and principles within a specific academic subject area. | cde.ca.gov |
| content standards normas de contenido académico | Statements defining what students should know and be able to do in a particular subject at each grade level. | cde.ca.gov |
| continuity of learning continuidad de aprendizaje | The maintenance of consistent educational experiences and progress for students across disruptions. | cde.ca.gov |
| cooperative learning aprendizaje cooperativo | An instructional strategy in which students work in small groups to achieve shared learning goals. | cde.ca.gov |
| core curriculum currículo fundamental | The set of fundamental academic subjects required of all students. | cde.ca.gov |
| core subjects materias fundamentales | The primary academic disciplines required of all students, typically ELA, math, science, and social studies. | cde.ca.gov |
| counselor consejero/a | A school professional who supports students' academic, social-emotional, and career development. | cde.ca.gov |
| country of origin país de origen; país de procedencia | The country in which a student or family was born or from which they emigrated. | cde.ca.gov |
| credential credencial | A state-issued certificate authorizing an individual to teach or serve in a specific educational role. | cde.ca.gov |
| credit recovery recuperación de créditos | A program allowing students to retake failed courses or demonstrate mastery to earn missing credits. | cde.ca.gov |
| criterion-referenced test prueba basada en objetivos específicos | A test measuring student performance against a fixed set of criteria or standards rather than against peers. | cde.ca.gov |
| critical thinking razonamiento crítico; razonamiento analítico | The ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to form reasoned judgments. | cde.ca.gov |
| curriculum currículo; plan de estudios | The subjects and course content taught in a school or program. | cde.ca.gov |
| curriculum-based assessments evaluaciones basadas en el currículo | Evaluations measuring student performance directly tied to classroom content. | cde.ca.gov |
| cut point / cut score puntaje mínimo; puntaje límite | Scores on screening tools, usually selected by a school district, that are used to determine whether or not a student needs additional testing or intervention. | specialeducationguide.com |
| D | ||
| data-based decisions decisiones basadas en datos; decisiones basadas en información | A component of the RTI process that involves using information collected through the screening process to determine the intensity and duration of the needed intervention. | specialeducationguide.com |
| day-care center guardería | A facility providing care and supervision for young children during the day. | cde.ca.gov |
| deafness sordera | A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification. | specialeducationguide.com |
| depth of knowledge profundidad del conocimiento | A framework describing the complexity of thinking required to respond to a question or task. | cde.ca.gov |
| designated English language development desarrollo de inglés designado | Protected instructional time using California's ELD standards to develop English language skills of English learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| Developmental and Social History historia del desarrollo y social | A narrative assessment formulated by a child’s classroom teacher, parents, pediatrician and school specialists, focusing on issues such as the child’s health history, developmental milestones, genetic factors, friendships, family relationships, hobbies, behavioral issues and academic performance. A developmental and social history is a common element of an assessment plan. | specialeducationguide.com |
| developmental bilingual program programa formativo bilingüe | A bilingual education model aimed at developing full proficiency in both the student's home language and English. | cde.ca.gov |
| Developmental Disability discapacidad del desarrollo | A severe, chronic disability from mental and/or physical impairments manifesting before age 22, resulting in substantial limitations in major life activities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Developmental Milestones hitos del desarrollo | A set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range. | med.umich.edu |
| diagnostic assessment evaluación diagnóstica | An evaluation used to identify a student's specific strengths and areas of need. | cde.ca.gov |
| differentiated instruction instrucción diferenciada | A teaching approach that tailors instruction to students' different learning needs, interests, or readiness levels. | cde.ca.gov |
| Direct Assessment evaluación directa | A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves recording objective information about a student’s disruptive behavior. This can entail using a scatter plot form to show the behavior’s frequency and time of day, as well as using an antecedent-behavioral-consequences chart (ABC). | specialeducationguide.com |
| disabilities discapacidades | Physical, cognitive, sensory, or other impairments that may affect a student's ability to learn. | cde.ca.gov |
| Discrepancy Model modelo de discrepancia | A method identifying students with learning disabilities by measuring the gap between intellectual ability and academic achievement. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Disproportionality desproporcionalidad; representación desigual | The over- or under-representation of racial, ethnic, or linguistic minority students in special education programs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| distance learning aprendizaje a distancia | An instructional model in which students receive education remotely, typically via online platforms. | cde.ca.gov |
| domain campo; dominio; ámbito | A broad area of academic knowledge or skill. | cde.ca.gov |
| Down Syndrome síndrome de Down | A chromosomal condition caused by an extra 21st chromosome, often characterized by intellectual disability and certain physical features. | specialeducationguide.com |
| draft borrador | A preliminary version of a written document. | cde.ca.gov |
| dress code código de vestir; reglamento de vestimenta | School rules governing appropriate student attire. | cde.ca.gov |
| dropout estudiante que abandona los estudios | A student who leaves school before earning a diploma. | cde.ca.gov |
| dropout rate tasa de abandono escolar | The percentage of students who leave school without completing their education. | cde.ca.gov |
| dual language development desarrollo de dos idiomas | The process of acquiring proficiency in two languages simultaneously or sequentially. | cde.ca.gov |
| dual language immersion inmersión dual; doble inmersión | A bilingual model in which students develop proficiency in two languages through instruction in both. | cde.ca.gov |
| Dyscalculia discalculia | A specific learning disability affecting the ability to understand numbers and learn math facts. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Dysgraphia disgrafía | A specific learning disability affecting written expression including handwriting, spelling, and composing written text. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Dyslexia dislexia | A specific learning disability affecting reading fluency, decoding, and spelling through difficulties with phonological processing. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Dyspraxia dispraxia | A developmental coordination disorder affecting physical coordination and making everyday tasks difficult. | specialeducationguide.com |
| E | ||
| early advanced performance level nivel de rendimiento avanzado inicial | An achievement level on California's ELD scale indicating high but not yet full English proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| early childhood education educación en la primera infancia | Educational programs for children from birth through age 8 focusing on development and early learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| early intervention intervención temprana | Services and supports provided to children birth to age 3 who have or are at risk for developmental delays. | cde.ca.gov |
| education reform reforma educativa | Systematic changes to educational policies, practices, or structures to improve student outcomes. | cde.ca.gov |
| elementary education educación primaria | Education provided at the primary school level, typically kindergarten through grade 5 or 6. | cde.ca.gov |
| elementary school escuela primaria | A school serving students in kindergarten through grade 5 or 6. | cde.ca.gov |
| eligible elegible | Meeting the criteria required to qualify for a program, service, or benefit. | cde.ca.gov |
| English language proficiency dominio de inglés | A student's ability to use English for academic and social purposes. | cde.ca.gov |
| English proficient Competente/proficiente en inglés | A designation for a student who has demonstrated sufficient English to participate in a mainstream classroom. | cde.ca.gov |
| enrollment inscripción; matrícula | The process of registering a student in a school; also the total number of students registered. | cde.ca.gov |
| equity equidad | Ensuring all students receive what they need to reach their full potential, accounting for differences in resources. | cde.ca.gov |
| evaluation evaluación | The formal process of assessing a student to determine eligibility for special education or to measure progress. | cde.ca.gov |
| evidence-based decisions decisiones basadas en evidencia | Choices made using data and research to guide instructional and programmatic actions. | cde.ca.gov |
| Executive Function función ejecutiva | Mental skills helping people manage time, pay attention, plan, organize, and remember details. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Executive Functioning Deficits déficits en las funciones ejecutivas | Difficulties with mental processes enabling planning, organizing, strategizing, paying attention, and managing time and space. | ldaamerica.org |
| expanding performance level nivel de rendimiento en ampliación | A level on California's ELD scale indicating growing English language proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| expel, to expulsar | To permanently remove a student from school as a disciplinary measure. | cde.ca.gov |
| expository writing escritura explicativa | Writing that explains, informs, or describes a topic using facts and evidence. | cde.ca.gov |
| extended school year año escolar prolongado | Special education services provided beyond the regular school year to prevent significant regression. | cde.ca.gov |
| extracurricular extracurricular | Activities outside the regular academic curriculum, such as sports, clubs, or the arts. | cde.ca.gov |
| F | ||
| fail, to reprobar | To not meet the minimum requirements for passing a course or assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| financial literacy el conocimiento financiero | Knowledge and skills related to personal finance, budgeting, and economic concepts. | cde.ca.gov |
| fine motor skills habilidades motrices afinadas | The ability to make small, precise movements using the hands and fingers. | cde.ca.gov |
| flexibility flexibilidad | The ability of muscles and joints to move through their full range of motion. | cde.ca.gov |
| fluency fluidez | The ability to read, speak, or perform mathematical operations accurately, quickly, and with proper expression. | cde.ca.gov |
| fluency deficit déficit de fluidez | A type of instructional deficit in which a child needs to practice a skill or receive coaching in order to use a skill effectively. An example is a reading fluency deficit, where the child cannot read smoothly or does so at too slow a rate. | specialeducationguide.com |
| fluent con fluidez | Able to produce or understand language with ease, accuracy, and natural expression. | cde.ca.gov |
| formative assessment evaluación formativa | Ongoing assessment during instruction used to monitor learning and adjust teaching. | cde.ca.gov |
| foster youth jóvenes en hogar temporal | Children and youth in the foster care system who may require additional educational supports. | cde.ca.gov |
| framework marco curricular | A curriculum document providing guidance on what to teach aligned to state standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| freshman alumno/a del primer año de preparatoria | A student in the first year of high school or college. | cde.ca.gov |
| Full Inclusion inclusión total; plena inclusión | An educational approach in which all students with disabilities receive all instruction in the general education classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| G | ||
| grade grado | A specific year of study; also a score indicating performance on an assignment or course. | cde.ca.gov |
| grade level grado escolar | The academic expectations assigned to a specific year of study. | cde.ca.gov |
| grade-level standards normas al nivel de grado escolar | Academic content and performance expectations defined for students at a particular grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| graduation graduación | Successful completion of a required course of study resulting in award of a diploma. | cde.ca.gov |
| graduation ceremony ceremonia de graduación | A formal event celebrating students' completion of their educational program. | cde.ca.gov |
| graduation rates índice de graduación | The percentage of students who complete secondary education and earn a diploma within a standard number of years. | cde.ca.gov |
| grant subvención | Funds provided by a government agency or foundation to support a specific program or initiative. | cde.ca.gov |
| gross motor skills habilidades motrices gruesas | Large-muscle movement abilities such as running and jumping, important for physical education. | cde.ca.gov |
| Group Intelligence Tests pruebas de inteligencia grupales | Tests, often administered in the general education classroom, that measure academic ability as well as a child’s cognitive level. It is through these types of tests that a teacher might first suspect that a student has a learning disability. | specialeducationguide.com |
| guidelines directirices; lineamientos | Official recommendations or directions for implementing programs and policies. | cde.ca.gov |
| H | ||
| habitual truant estudiante que falta a la escuela de manera habitual sin justificación | A student who is absent from school repeatedly without valid excuse. | cde.ca.gov |
| handwriting letra manuscrita | The form of writing produced by hand; assessed as a component of fine motor and literacy development. | cde.ca.gov |
| harassment hostigamiento; acoso | Unwanted behavior creating a hostile environment; prohibited in schools under federal and state law. | cde.ca.gov |
| hearing impairment impedimento auditivo | An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. | nichcy.org |
| heritage language program programa de idiomas de herencia | A program designed to maintain and develop the home language of students who speak a non-English language at home. | cde.ca.gov |
| high school escuela secundaria; la preparatoria | A secondary school serving students in grades 9–12. | cde.ca.gov |
| high school equivalency tests pruebas de equivalencia de secundaria | Assessments allowing students who did not graduate from high school to earn an equivalent credential. | cde.ca.gov |
| high-quality assessment evaluación de alta calidad | An assessment that is valid, reliable, and aligned to standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| high-stakes assessment evaluación con consecuencias mayores | An assessment whose results are used to make important decisions about students, teachers, or schools. | cde.ca.gov |
| higher education educación superior | Post-secondary education provided by colleges and universities. | cde.ca.gov |
| highly qualified teacher maestro/a altamente acreditado/a | Under NCLB, a teacher who is fully certified, holds at least a bachelor's degree, and demonstrates subject-matter competence. | cde.ca.gov |
| history-social science historia-ciencias sociales | The academic subject area encompassing history, geography, economics, and civics. | cde.ca.gov |
| home language lengua materna | The language or languages spoken in a student's home environment. | cde.ca.gov |
| home schooling enseñanza en el hogar | An educational approach in which parents provide instruction to their children at home. | cde.ca.gov |
| home visit visita a casa | A visit by a school staff member to a student's home to support family engagement. | cde.ca.gov |
| homeless sin hogar | Students who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, protected under the McKinney-Vento Act. | cde.ca.gov |
| I | ||
| IEP Team Equipo del IEP | The team of qualified professionals made up of the parent, special education teacher, interpreter of test data, district representative, and general education teacher at a minimum. This group makes all decisions related to the instructional program of a child with special needs, including placement and services provided. In some states this team is called the admission, review and dismissal (ARD) team. | specialeducationguide.com |
| illiteracy analfabetismo | The inability to read and write at a functional level. | cde.ca.gov |
| immigrant inmigrante | A person who has moved to a new country, often used in educational contexts to describe students born outside the U.S. | cde.ca.gov |
| in-person instruction educación presencial | Teaching and learning with students and teachers physically present in the same location. | cde.ca.gov |
| inclusion / inclusive classroom inclusión / salón inclusivo; inclusión / aula inclusiva | The term inclusion communicates an all-embracing societal ideology. Regarding individuals with disabilities and special education, inclusion secures opportunities for students with disabilities to learn inside mainstream classrooms. Mainstream classrooms in which students with disabilities learn are known as inclusive classrooms. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Indirect Assessment evaluación indirecta | A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves interviewing teachers, parents and other adults who have contact with a student, asking questions about that student’s disruptive behavior and when and where it occurs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Individual Intelligence Tests pruebas individuales de inteligencia | Intelligence tests that are administered to a student one on one. These tests are often part of the assessment process. Two common individual intelligence tests are the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale. | specialeducationguide.com |
| information bulletin boletín informativo | An official document issued to communicate updates or guidance to schools and districts. | cde.ca.gov |
| informative writing redacción informativa | Writing designed to explain or describe a topic to an audience using factual information. | cde.ca.gov |
| informed consent consentimiento informado | Signed parental consent required before a district assesses, significantly revises, or starts or stops services for a child with a disability. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| initial assessment evaluación inicial | The first evaluation of a student to establish a baseline or determine eligibility for services. | cde.ca.gov |
| initial identification identificación inicial | The first formal determination that a student may have a disability requiring evaluation. | cde.ca.gov |
| instruction instrucción | The deliberate delivery of academic content and skills by a teacher to students. | cde.ca.gov |
| instructional aide asistente educativo; asistente de instrucción; auxiliar educativo | A school employee assisting teachers in delivering instruction, particularly to students with disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| instructional materials materiales de enseñanzas | Books, digital resources, and other materials used to support teaching and learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| instructional strategies estrategias de enseñanzas | Specific methods teachers use to deliver content and support student learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| integrated English language development desarrollo de inglés integrado | Instruction in which ELD standards are used alongside academic content standards to support English learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| interim assessments evaluaciones interinas | Assessments administered periodically during the year to monitor student progress and inform instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| internship pasantía | A supervised work experience program in which students gain practical skills in a professional setting. | cde.ca.gov |
| interventions intervenciones | Sets of teaching procedures used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson succeed in the classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| J | ||
| junior high school escuela secundaria (grados 6 al 8) | A school serving students in grades 6–8, transitioning between elementary and high school. | cde.ca.gov |
| juvenile justice system sistema de justicia juvenil | The system of courts and programs designed to address offenses committed by minors. | cde.ca.gov |
| K | ||
| kindergarten jardín de infancia; jardín infantil; kindergarten | The first year of formal schooling, typically for children ages 5–6. | cde.ca.gov |
| kinesthetic quinestético/a | Relating to learning through physical movement and hands-on activities. | cde.ca.gov |
| L | ||
| language idioma; lengua; lenguaje | A structured system of communication including spoken, signed, and written forms. | cde.ca.gov |
| language acquisition program programa de adquisición de idiomas | A program designed to support students in developing proficiency in a new language. | cde.ca.gov |
| language arts artes de lenguaje | The academic subject area including reading, writing, speaking, and listening. | cde.ca.gov |
| language assessment results resultados de la evaluación de idiomas | The outcomes of evaluations measuring a student's proficiency in one or more languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| language development desarrollo de lenguaje | The process by which children acquire the ability to comprehend and produce language. | cde.ca.gov |
| learner aprendiz | A student or individual engaged in the process of acquiring knowledge or skills. | cde.ca.gov |
| Learning Difference diferencia de aprendizaje | A term emphasizing that individuals learn differently rather than that learning is impaired; used in place of 'learning disability.' | ldaamerica.org |
| learning loss pérdida de aprendizaje | A decline in academic knowledge or skills, often due to extended absence from school. | cde.ca.gov |
| learning strategies estrategias de aprendizaje | Techniques students use to acquire, organize, and apply knowledge. | cde.ca.gov |
| letter grade calificación con letra(s) | A letter (A, B, C, D, F) used to represent a student's level of academic performance in a course. | cde.ca.gov |
| life science ciencias naturales | The branch of science studying living organisms, including biology, ecology, and physiology. | cde.ca.gov |
| literacy lectoescritura; alfabetización | The ability to read and write; in broader usage, competence in a specific area. | cde.ca.gov |
| low-income families familias de bajos ingresos | Families whose household income falls at or below a defined threshold, often qualifying for assistance programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| low-performing schools escuelas de bajo rendimiento | Schools where students are consistently not meeting academic achievement standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| M | ||
| magnet school escuela magnet | A public school with a specialized curriculum designed to attract students from across a district. | cde.ca.gov |
| mathematics matemáticas | The academic subject involving numbers, quantities, shapes, and their relationships. | cde.ca.gov |
| mental health salud mental | A student's emotional, psychological, and social well-being, which can affect learning and behavior. | cde.ca.gov |
| middle school escuela secundaria | A school serving students in grades 6–8. | cde.ca.gov |
| minimum academic requirements requisitos académicos mínimos | The lowest acceptable level of academic performance required to pass a course or advance a grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| minor menor de edad | A person under the age of legal adulthood, typically 18. | cde.ca.gov |
| minorities minorías | Groups underrepresented in a population, often used in educational contexts to describe racial or ethnic groups. | cde.ca.gov |
| modifications modificaciones | Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners’ weaknesses by changing or lowering expectations or standards. | specialeducationguide.com |
| monitoring monitoreo; seguimiento | A component of the RTI process that involves assessing, keeping accurate records of and monitoring student progress, responsiveness to instruction and intervention. The term is also used for a state’s evaluation of each district’s compliance with mandates of IDEA and state special education code. | specialeducationguide.com |
| monolingual monolingüe | Able to speak or use only one language. | cde.ca.gov |
| most significant cognitive disabilities discapacidades cognitivas más significantes | A term used to describe students eligible for alternate assessments due to the severity of their cognitive impairments. | cde.ca.gov |
| multicultural education educación multicultural | An approach to teaching incorporating perspectives and contributions of diverse cultural groups. | cde.ca.gov |
| multilingual education educación multilingüe | Instruction that supports learning in multiple languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| multiple disabilities discapacidades múltiples | Concomitant impairments resulting in severe educational needs that cannot be addressed by programs for a single disability. | cde.ca.gov |
| Multiple Intelligences Theory teoría de inteligencias múltiples | A theory which outlines students’ varied approaches for processing information (known as “intelligences”) and how teachers can access these pathways. | specialeducationguide.com |
| multiple measures medidas múltiples | The use of more than one form of data or assessment to evaluate student performance or school quality. | cde.ca.gov |
| multiple-choice questions preguntas de opción múltiple | Test questions offering a set of options from which students select the correct or best answer. | cde.ca.gov |
| Multisensory Instruction instrucción multisensorial | Teaching methods engaging multiple senses to help students with learning disabilities process and retain information. | specialeducationguide.com |
| N | ||
| national origin origen nacional | The country from which a student or their family emigrated; a protected class under federal civil rights laws. | cde.ca.gov |
| native English speakers angloparlantes; hablantes nativos de inglés | Students whose primary or first language is English. | cde.ca.gov |
| native language lengua maternal; idioma maternal | The first language of an individual. A school district is required to evaluate a student in his or her native language, or document proficiency in English, before they can identify that student as having a disability and provide special education services. In addition, parents must be offered evaluation plans and individualized education plans (IEPs) in their native language before giving informed consent. | specialeducationguide.com |
| natural environment entorno natural; ambiente natural | An educational setting that is comparable to the setting provided to children without disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| neurological disorder trastorno neurológico | A disorder of the brain, spinal cord, or nerves that may underlie learning disabilities and attention disorders. | ldaamerica.org |
| newcomer center centro para recién llegados | A program or school designed to support newly arrived immigrant students transitioning into the U.S. school system. | cde.ca.gov |
| norm-referenced results resultados con referencia a las normas | Assessment results comparing a student's performance to a normative group. | cde.ca.gov |
| Norm-Referenced Test prueba con norma de referencia; prueba normativa | An assessment comparing a student's performance to a normative group at the same age or grade level. | specialeducationguide.com |
| nurse enfermero/a | A school health professional who addresses students' medical needs and promotes wellness. | cde.ca.gov |
| nurse's office enfermería | The designated room in a school where health services are provided to students. | cde.ca.gov |
| nursery school guardería de niños; guardería infantil | An early childhood program for children typically ages 3–5 before kindergarten. | cde.ca.gov |
| nutrition nutrición | The process of obtaining and using food for health and growth; also refers to school meal programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| O | ||
| Observational Records registros de observación | Information about a child’s academic performance provided by anyone who works with a child. Observational records are a common element of an assessment plan. | specialeducationguide.com |
| One-to-One Aide asistente individual; ayudante personal | A paraprofessional assigned exclusively to one student with significant support needs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| oral language expresión oral | The ability to communicate through speaking and listening. | cde.ca.gov |
| oral language skills competencia de expresión oral | The ability to use spoken language effectively for communication and learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| oral vocabulary vocabulario oral | The set of words a student understands and uses in spoken language. | cde.ca.gov |
| orthopedic impairment impedimento ortopédico | A severe physical impairment adversely affecting a student's educational performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| outcomes resultados; logros | Short-term goals that are a critical component of an individualized family service plan (IFSP). They must be relevant, specific and measurable. | specialeducationguide.com |
| P | ||
| paraprofessional paraprofesional | A school staff member working under teacher supervision to provide instructional support to students. | cde.ca.gov |
| parental notification notificación para padres de familia | The process of informing parents or guardians of school decisions, policies, or changes affecting their child. | cde.ca.gov |
| parents and guardians padres y tutores | The adults legally responsible for a child's welfare and education. | cde.ca.gov |
| Peer-Mediated Instruction instrucción mediada por compañeros | Instructional strategies using students to provide academic support and social interaction for peers with disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| performance assessments evaluaciones de rendimiento | Evaluations requiring students to demonstrate knowledge by completing a task or project. | cde.ca.gov |
| performance deficit déficit de rendimiento; déficit de desempeño | A social or academic skills deficit in which a student understands a particular skill, but fails to implement it consistently. | specialeducationguide.com |
| performance level nivel de rendimiento | A defined category indicating where a student's test score falls. | cde.ca.gov |
| performance standards normas de rendimiento | Descriptions of the quality of work required to achieve each performance level. | cde.ca.gov |
| performance tasks ejercicios de rendimiento | Assessment activities requiring students to apply knowledge and skills to solve a problem. | cde.ca.gov |
| Performance-Based Tests pruebas basadas en el rendimiento; pruebas basadas en el desempeño | Evaluations, such as the Woodcock Johnson, Third Edition (WJIII) or the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT), that are used to help determine a child’s eligibility for special education services. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Phonemic Awareness conciencia fonémica | The ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Phonics fonética; instrucción fónica; aprendizaje sonido-letra | A method of teaching reading and spelling emphasizing the relationship between symbols and sounds. | ldaamerica.org |
| Phonological Processing procesamiento fonológico; manejo de sonidos del lenguaje | The use of the sound structure of language to process written and oral language. | specialeducationguide.com |
| physical science ciencia física | The branch of science studying non-living systems, including physics and chemistry. | cde.ca.gov |
| policy política | A set of rules or guidelines governing the operation of a school, district, or educational system. | cde.ca.gov |
| portfolio assessment evaluación por portafolio; evaluación por carpeta de trabajos | A collection of student work over time demonstrating learning, growth, and achievement. | specialeducationguide.com |
| postsecondary post secundario | Relating to education or training after high school graduation. | cde.ca.gov |
| preschool escuela preescolar; centro preescolar | An early childhood education program for children ages 3–5 before kindergarten. | cde.ca.gov |
| preschool learning foundations fundamentos de aprendizaje preescolar | California documents describing what children typically learn in preschool programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| present levels niveles actuales [de desempeño] | A component of an individualized education program (IEP) that defines a student’s strengths and weaknesses, current levels of academic achievement, and current levels of functional performance. Before 2004 this part of the IEP was called present levels of performance | specialeducationguide.com |
| primary language lengua materna; idioma natal; idioma nativo | The language first learned by and most dominant for a child. | cde.ca.gov |
| processing speed velocidad de procesamiento | The time it takes to respond to information; students with slow processing speed may need extended time for tasks. | ldaamerica.org |
| professional development capacitación; desarrollo profesional | Training and learning activities designed to improve the knowledge and effectiveness of educators. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficiency aptitud; dominio; competencia | A demonstrated level of competence or mastery in a skill or subject. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficiency level nivel de competencia | A defined point on a scale describing a student's degree of mastery in a subject or language. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficient proficiente | Having demonstrated competence or mastery at the expected level. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficient performance level nivel de rendimiento proficiente | The achievement level indicating a student has met grade-level academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| progress monitoring monitoreo del progreso; seguimiento del progreso | Frequent assessment of students' academic performance to evaluate instructional effectiveness. | specialeducationguide.com |
| progress report informe de progreso | A periodic document informing parents or guardians of a student's academic performance and growth. | cde.ca.gov |
| psychoeducational evaluation evaluación psicoeducativa | A comprehensive assessment of a student's cognitive, academic, and social-emotional functioning for special education eligibility. | specialeducationguide.com |
| public schools escuelas públicas | Schools funded and operated by the government and open to all students. | cde.ca.gov |
| pull-out services servicios fuera del salón; servicios fuera del aula; servicios de apoyo externo | Special education services provided in a separate setting outside the general education classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| push-in services servicios dentro del salón; apoyo en el salón regular; servicios dentro del aula; apoyo en el aula regular | Special education services provided within the general education classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| R | ||
| reclassification reclasificación | The process of changing a student's status from English learner to fluent English proficient. | cde.ca.gov |
| regulations reglamentos; regulaciones | Official rules issued by government agencies to implement laws governing education. | cde.ca.gov |
| report card reporte de calificaciones; boleta de calificaciones | A periodic document summarizing a student's academic grades and progress in each subject. | cde.ca.gov |
| research-based basado en la investigación | Grounded in evidence from scientific studies; a criterion for selecting instructional programs and practices. | cde.ca.gov |
| resource room salón de recursos; aula de recursos | A separate classroom where students receive individualized or small group instruction from a special education teacher. | specialeducationguide.com |
| rubric rúbrica | A scoring guide describing criteria and levels of quality for evaluating student work. | cde.ca.gov |
| S | ||
| scaffolding apoyo estructurado; enseñanza estructurada | Temporary instructional support helping students access content they could not engage with independently. | cde.ca.gov |
| Scatter Plot diagrama de dispersión; gráfico de dispersión; registro de dispersión; nube de puntos | A form used in direct assessment to record disruptive behavior and show the behavior’s frequency and the time of day at which it occurs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| scholarship beca | Financial aid awarded to students based on academic merit, need, or other criteria. | cde.ca.gov |
| school board mesa directiva escolar | The elected or appointed governing body overseeing a school district's policies and operations. | cde.ca.gov |
| school calendar calendario escolar | The schedule of instructional days, holidays, and key events for a school year. | cde.ca.gov |
| school choice opción de escuela | Policies allowing parents to choose which public school their child attends. | cde.ca.gov |
| school district distrito escolar | A local education agency responsible for administering public schools in a defined geographic area. | cde.ca.gov |
| school records registros escolares; expedientes escolares | Official documents maintained by a school documenting a student's enrollment and academic history. | cde.ca.gov |
| school reform reforma educativa; reforma escolar | Systematic changes to educational practices, policies, or structures aimed at improving outcomes. | cde.ca.gov |
| school year año escolar | The period during which school is officially in session. | cde.ca.gov |
| science ciencias | The academic subject involving the study of the natural and physical world through observation and experiment. | cde.ca.gov |
| second language acquisition adquisición del segundo idioma | The process by which a person learns a language other than their native language. | cde.ca.gov |
| secondary education enseñanza secundaria; educación secundaria | Education provided at the high school level, typically grades 9–12. | cde.ca.gov |
| Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act Sección 504 de la Ley de Rehabilitación | A federal civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs receiving federal funds. | ldaamerica.org |
| Section 504 plan plan de la Sección 504 | A plan under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act providing accommodations to students who do not qualify for special education. | cde.ca.gov |
| self-contained classroom salón de educación especial; aula de educación especial | A special education classroom where students with disabilities receive most or all instruction separately from general education students. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Self-Determination autodeterminación | The ability of individuals with disabilities to make choices, set goals, and control their own lives. | specialeducationguide.com |
| sheltered English instruction instrucción estructurada en inglés | An approach to teaching academic content in English to English learners using strategies to make content comprehensible. | cde.ca.gov |
| significant cognitive disabilities discapacidades cognitivas significativas | Disabilities severe enough to require alternate assessments and highly individualized instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| skill evaluation evaluación de habilidades | Diagnostic measures for determining a child’s gross motor skills, fine manipulative skills and hearing, sight, speech and language abilities, administered by specialists such as a school speech pathologist or general practitioner. A skills evaluation is a common element of an assessment plan. | specialeducationguide.com |
| skills habilidades; capacidades; destrezas | Learned abilities in academic, physical, social, or other domains. | cde.ca.gov |
| Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium Consorcio de los exámenes Smarter Balanced | The organization that develops and administers the Smarter Balanced summative and interim assessments. | cde.ca.gov |
| social and emotional well-being bienestar social y emocional | A student's overall mental health, including emotional regulation, relationships, and sense of belonging. | cde.ca.gov |
| social skills training entrenamiento en habilidades sociales; enseñanza de habilidades sociales | Instruction designed to improve interpersonal skills, communication, and appropriate social behavior. | specialeducationguide.com |
| socioeconomically disadvantaged students estudiantes desfavorecidos socioeconomicamente | Students from low-income families who may face additional barriers to academic achievement. | cde.ca.gov |
| speaking expresión oral; producción oral | The act of producing oral language to communicate with others. | cde.ca.gov |
| speaking and listening comprensión auditiva y expresión oral | The integrated skills of producing and comprehending oral language. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard exceeded norma superada | The highest performance designation on California state assessments, indicating a student has surpassed grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard met norma logrado | A performance designation indicating a student has fully met grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard nearly met norma casi logrado | A performance designation indicating a student nearly but did not fully meet grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard not met norma no logrado | A performance designation indicating a student has not met grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standardized testing pruebas estandarizadas/normalizadas | The administration of tests in a consistent manner allowing comparison across students and groups. | cde.ca.gov |
| standards normas | Statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do at each grade level. | cde.ca.gov |
| standards-aligned instruction enseñanza alineada con las normas | Teaching that is designed to help students meet specific academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standards-based curriculum currículo basado en las normas | A curriculum designed around and assessed against academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (derived from the Binet-Simon Test) escala de inteligencia Stanford-Binet (derivada de la prueba Binet-Simon) | A norm-referenced individual intelligence test, administered by the school psychologist or special education team. The questions are designed to help educators differentiate between students performing below grade level because of cognitive disabilities and those who do so for other reasons. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Stay-Put Law disposición de permanencia educativa; ley de permanencia en la colocación actual | A law allowing a parent to request a child remain in their current educational placement while an IEP or FAPE offer is in dispute. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| student estudiante; alumno/a | An individual enrolled in an educational program. | cde.ca.gov |
| student achievement desempeño del estudiante | The level of academic knowledge and skill a student demonstrates. | cde.ca.gov |
| student baseline nivel de referencia del estudiante; línea base del estudiante; nivel inicial del estudiante | A student’s starting point, determined by data collected through universal screening tools. A student’s baseline is used to measure his or her progress throughout the year. | specialeducationguide.com |
| student subgroups subgrupos de estudiantes | Specific groups of students tracked separately in accountability systems, including English learners, students with disabilities, and low-income students. | cde.ca.gov |
| students with disabilities estudiante con discapacidades | Students identified under IDEA as having one or more disabilities and receiving special education services. | cde.ca.gov |
| subject materia | A specific area of academic study, such as mathematics, science, or English language arts. | cde.ca.gov |
| substitute teacher maestro/a suplente | A teacher temporarily replacing a regular classroom teacher. | cde.ca.gov |
| summative assessment evaluación sumativa | An assessment given at the end of an instructional period to measure what students have learned. | cde.ca.gov |
| supplement not supplant suplementar no suplantar | A federal requirement that federal funds add to, not replace, state and local education funding. | cde.ca.gov |
| suspend, to suspender | To temporarily remove a student from school as a disciplinary measure. | cde.ca.gov |
| T | ||
| Transition Meeting reunión de transición | A meeting of the individualized education program (IEP) team prior to a student moving into a new program or school. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Transition/Transition Plan transición / plan de transición | Transition is a general term used to describe a change in a student’s school or program. A transition plan is specific to an IEP: a student who will turn 16 within the life of his or her individualized education program must have a transition goal and plan that outlines how he or she will transition to life beyond high school. | specialeducationguide.com |
| transitional bilingual program programa bilingüe de transición | A bilingual program in which students receive initial instruction in their home language while transitioning to English-only instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| Transitional Kindergarten (Universal TK) transición a kindergarten; kindergarten transicional | A California program providing an additional year of kindergarten-level instruction for eligible four-year-olds. | cde.ca.gov |
| Triennial Review (Tri) revisión trienal; revisión cada tres años | An IEP review meeting that takes place every three years. During this meeting, the IEP team meets to discuss a student’s continuing eligibility for special education services. It is often combined with the IEP annual review (AR). | specialeducationguide.com |
| truant estudiante que falta a la escuela sin justificación | A student who is absent from school without a valid excuse. | cde.ca.gov |
| tutoring tutoría; instrucción suplementaria | Supplemental academic instruction provided individually or in small groups outside regular classroom instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| Twice Exceptional (2e) doblemente excepcional; estudiante con talentos y discapacidades | A student who is both gifted and has a disability or learning difference. | specialeducationguide.com |
| two-way immersion program programa de doble inmersión | A bilingual model in which native English speakers and native speakers of another language learn together in both languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| U | ||
| unexcused absence ausencia injustificada | An absence from school not supported by a valid reason or parental excuse. | cde.ca.gov |
| universal access acceso universal | The principle that all students should have equal access to instruction and assessments. | cde.ca.gov |
| universal design diseño universal; diseño accesible para todos | An approach that makes a curriculum accessible to all students, regardless of their backgrounds, learning styles and abilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Universal Screening Tool herramienta de detección universal | A test that can correctly identify students who are struggling with grade-level concepts or skills. A universal screening tool is used as part of the RTI process. | specialeducationguide.com |
| V | ||
| validity validez | The degree to which an assessment measures what it is intended to measure. | cde.ca.gov |
| verbal comprehension comprensión verbal | The ability to understand and reason using language-based information. | cde.ca.gov |
| vice principal subdirector/a | The assistant to the school principal who may oversee discipline, scheduling, or other administrative duties. | cde.ca.gov |
| visual impairment impedimento visual; discapacidad visual | An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| Visual Processing Disorder trastorno del procesamiento visual | A condition affecting the ability to interpret and give meaning to information taken in through the eyes. | ldaamerica.org |
| W | ||
| waiver prescindir del requisito; dispensar el requisito | Official permission to be exempt from a specific rule or requirement. | cde.ca.gov |
| Widening Gap brecha creciente; brecha en aumento; diferencia creciente | The gap between what a child with a disability knows and what his or her peers know, which widens as he or she advances to higher grades. | specialeducationguide.com |
| word recognition reconocimiento de palabras | The ability to identify words in print accurately and automatically. | ldaamerica.org |
| working memory memoria de trabajo | The ability to hold information in mind while using it; deficits cause difficulty with multi-step tasks. | ldaamerica.org |
| writing escritura y redacción | The act of composing text to communicate ideas; an academic subject and assessed skill. | cde.ca.gov |
| writing conventions normas de la escritura; reglas de la escritura | The rules of grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling that govern written language. | cde.ca.gov |
| written language expresión escrita | Language expressed in written form, as opposed to oral or signed language. | cde.ca.gov |
🔤 Bilingual Abbreviations (EN-ES)
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129 abbreviations and acronyms listed alphabetically. Where the Spanish abbreviation differs from English, it appears in parentheses in the Spanish column.
| Abbrev. | Full Term – English | Término completo – Español | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||
| AAC | Augmentative and Alternative Communication | comunicación aumentativa y alternativa (CAA) | Communication methods for individuals with significant communication difficulties, including picture boards, speech-generating devices, and sign language. | specialeducationguide.com |
| ABA | Applied Behavior Analysis | ánalisis aplicado de la conducta | A technique for correcting behavior and social skill deficits in children with special needs. It is based on the understanding that children are more likely to repeat desired behaviors when these behaviors are met with positive reinforcement, and that they are less likely to repeat undesirable behaviors that are not rewarded. One significant part of ABA is discrete trial training (DTT), in which a skill is broken down into its most basic components so that these components may be taught one at a time. | specialeducationguide.com |
| ABC | Antecedent Behavioral Consequences Chart | registro de antecedentes, conducta y consecuencias | A tool documenting what happened before a behavior, the behavior itself, and its consequence; used in FBA. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| AD/HD | Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) | An out-of-date term that was previously used to describe children who have difficulty paying attention, but are not significantly impulsive or hyperactive. Today the term ADD is usually used to describe the inattentive subtype of AD/HD or as a synonym for AD/HD. | specialeducationguide.com |
| ADA | Average Daily Attendance | promedio de asistencia diaria | The average number of students present each day in a school or district, used to determine state funding. | cde.ca.gov |
| ALDs | achievement level descriptors | descriptores del nivel de rendimiento académicos | Descriptions of the knowledge and skills students at each achievement level are expected to demonstrate. | cde.ca.gov |
| AP | Advanced Placement | Colocación avanzada | College-level courses and exams offered to high school students, developed by the College Board. | cde.ca.gov |
| APD | Auditory Processing Disorder | trastorno del procesamiento auditivo | A condition in which the ear hears correctly but the brain has trouble processing sounds; affects approximately 5% of school-aged children. | ldaamerica.org |
| APE | Adaptive Physical Education | educación física adaptada; adaptaciones en la educación física | A modified physical education program designed to meet the needs of students with disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| API | Academic Performance Index | Índice del rendimiento académico | A score used in California to measure the academic performance and growth of schools on a scale of 200–1000. | cde.ca.gov |
| AR | Annual Review | revisión anual | The yearly meeting of the individualized education program (IEP) team (or called ARD committee in some states). The AR is designed to gather all the IEP team members in one location to update one another on a student’s needs and performance by reviewing progress toward goals and looking at new data like work samples and recent testing. | specialeducationguide.com |
| ARD | Admission, Review and Dismissal | admisión, revisión y retiro; reunión del comité ARD; comité de admisión, revisión y retiro | The name given to the committee used in some states (in other states not using the term ARD, they are called IEP teams or IEP committees) that is responsible for the development and review of a child’s individualized education plan (IEP), evaluation and re-evaluation, functional behavioral analysis (FBA), and behavior intervention plan (BIP). The ARD committee meets at least once per year to review the IEP and construct a new plan for the coming year. In addition to the annual review meeting, other meetings can be called by teachers or parents whenever needed. This group is responsible for creating, implementing and maintaining the educational program from students with disabilities, as identified by IDEA. | specialeducationguide.com |
| ASD | Autism Spectrum Disorder | Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) | A disorder characterized, in varying degrees, by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. Autism spectrum disorders include autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and Asperger syndrome. | specialeducationguide.com |
| ASL | American Sign Language | Lenguaje de Señas Americano | A complete visual-manual language used as the primary language of many Deaf communities in the United States. | cde.ca.gov |
| AT | Assistive Technology | tecnología de apoyo; tecnología de asistencia | Assistive technology is technology used by individuals with disabilities in order to perform functions that might otherwise be difficult or impossible. Assistive technology can include mobility devices such as walkers and wheelchairs, as well as hardware, software and peripherals that assist people with disabilities in accessing computers or other information technologies. | washington.edu |
| ATSI | Additional Targeted Support and Improvement | Apoyo específico y mejoramiento adicional | A designation under ESSA for schools where one or more student subgroups are performing at the level of the lowest-performing schools. | cde.ca.gov |
| AUT | Autism | autismo | Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life and affects a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others. Autism is defined by a certain set of behaviors and is a “spectrum disorder” that affects individuals differently and to varying degrees. | autism-society.org |
| AVID | Advancement Via Individual Determination | Avance a través de determinación individual | An elective course and school-wide program designed to prepare students for college eligibility and success. | cde.ca.gov |
| AYP | Adequate Yearly Progress | progreso anual adecuado | The measure by which schools, districts, and states are held accountable for student performance under NCLB. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| B | ||||
| BCLAD | Bilingual Cross-cultural Language and Academic Development | Desarrollo académico del lenguaje intercultural y bilingüe | A California credential authorizing teachers to provide primary language instruction and culturally responsive teaching. | cde.ca.gov |
| BICS | Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills | Habilidades básicas de comunicación interpersonal | Conversational language proficiency used in everyday social settings; typically acquired in 1–3 years in a second language. | cde.ca.gov |
| BIP | Behavior Intervention Plan | plan de intervención conductual | A plan targeting undesirable behaviors with interventions linked to the function of the behavior, including prevention strategies and replacement behaviors. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| BMI | Body Mass Index (BMI) Test | Prueba del índice de masa corporal | A fitness test using height and weight to assess body composition. | cde.ca.gov |
| BSP | Behavior Support Plan | plan de apoyo conductal | A proactive action plan to address behavior(s) that are impeding learning of a student or of others in his or her classroom. | pent.ca.gov |
| C | ||||
| CAAs | California Alternate Assessments | Exámenes alternos de California (CAA) | State assessments designed for students with the most significant cognitive disabilities. | cde.ca.gov |
| CAASPP | California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress | Sistema de exámenes de rendimiento y progreso de California | California's system for assessing student academic performance, including Smarter Balanced and alternate assessments. | cde.ca.gov |
| CALP | Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency | Competencia en el lenguaje académico-cognitivo | The level of language proficiency needed for academic tasks; typically takes 5–7 years to develop in a second language. | cde.ca.gov |
| CALPADS | California Longitudinal Pupil Achievement Data System | Sistema de Datos Longitudinales del Rendimiento de los Alumnos de California | California's data system for collecting and reporting student-level data for accountability and program evaluation. | cde.ca.gov |
| CAST | California Science Test | Evaluación de los estándares académicos de ciencias de California | A state assessment aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards for students in grades 5, 8, and high school. | cde.ca.gov |
| CAT | Computer Adaptive Test | prueba adaptada administrada a través de una computadora | An assessment in which question difficulty adjusts based on a student's responses. | cde.ca.gov |
| CBM | Curriculum-Based Measurements | Mediciones Basadas en el Currículo; evaluaciones basadas en el plan de estudios | Small, regular evaluations used to determine how well a student is learning in various subject areas. CBM can involve checklists or oral questions which the teacher uses to gauge student understanding and skill in a particular curriculum. These measurements are part of the monitoring component of the RTI process. | specialeducationguide.com |
| CCSS | California Common Core State Standards | Normas estatales académicas de base común de California | California's adoption of the Common Core standards, defining what students should know in ELA and mathematics at each grade level. | cde.ca.gov |
| CCSS | Common Core State Standards | Normas estatales académicas de base común | A set of academic standards in math and ELA adopted by most U.S. states to ensure consistent learning goals. | cde.ca.gov |
| CDE | California Department of Education | Departamento de Educación de California | The state agency responsible for administering California's public education system from preschool through grade 12. | cde.ca.gov |
| CEC | California Education Code | Código de Educación de California | The body of California law governing public education, including school operations and student rights. | cde.ca.gov |
| CHSPE | California High School Proficiency Examination | Prueba de aptitud de la escuela preparatoria en California | A voluntary test allowing students to earn the legal equivalent of a high school diploma. | cde.ca.gov |
| CLAD | Crosscultural, Language, and Academic Development | Desarrollo lingüístico, académico y transcultural | A California credential authorizing teachers to instruct English learners using language development strategies. | cde.ca.gov |
| CP | Cerebral Palsy | parálisis cerebral (PC) | A group of disorders affecting movement and posture caused by damage to the developing brain. | specialeducationguide.com |
| CSA | California Spanish Assessment | Evaluación de español en California | A voluntary state assessment measuring Spanish language arts skills for students in Spanish language programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| CSI | Comprehensive Support and Improvement | Apoyo Integral y Mejora | A designation under ESSA for the lowest-performing schools, requiring a comprehensive improvement plan. | cde.ca.gov |
| CSPP | California State Preschool Program | Programa Preescolar del Estado de California | A California program providing part-day and full-day preschool for income-eligible three- and four-year-olds. | cde.ca.gov |
| CTE | Career Technical Education | Educación técnica; Educación vocacional | A program of study integrating core academic knowledge with technical and occupational knowledge. | cde.ca.gov |
| CTT | Collaborative Team Teaching | enseñanza en equipo colaborativo; coenseñanza | A model in which a general and special education teacher co-teach in the same classroom for students with and without disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| D | ||||
| DB | Deaf-Blindness | sordoceguera | Simultaneous hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness. | specialeducationguide.com |
| DD | Developmental Delay | retraso en el desarrollo | A delay in one or more of the following areas of childhood development: cognitive development, physical development (including vision and hearing), communication development, social and/or emotional development and adaptive development (including eating skills, dressing and toileting skills and other areas of personal responsibility). | in.gov |
| DELAC | District English Learner Advisory Committee | Comité asesor de padres de aprendices de inglés del distrito | A district-level advisory committee of parents of English learners advising on EL programs and services. | cde.ca.gov |
| DLL | dual language learner | aprendiz de dos idiomas | A child learning two or more languages simultaneously or a second language while developing their first. | cde.ca.gov |
| DOHH | Deaf-Hard of Hearing | sordo/a o con dificultades auditivas; sordo/a o con deficiencia auditiva | A category encompassing students who are deaf or have varying degrees of hearing impairment affecting educational performance. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| DPLT | Designated Primary Language Test | Prueba designada en la lengua natal | An assessment measuring a student's language proficiency in their primary language other than English. | cde.ca.gov |
| DTT | Discrete Trial Training | entrenamiento de ensayos discretos | A part of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) in which a skill is broken down into its most basic components so that these components may be taught one at a time. | specialeducationguide.com |
| E | ||||
| EAP | Early Assessment Program | Programa de Evaluación Temprana | A California program helping 11th graders determine their readiness for college-level English and math. | cde.ca.gov |
| EBD | Emotional or Behavioral Disturbance | trastorno emocional o conductual | A condition exhibiting one or more specific emotional and/or behavioral difficulties over a long period of time and to a marked degree, which adversely affects educational performance. | ici.umn.edu |
| EC | Education Code | Código de Educación | The body of California law governing public education. | cde.ca.gov |
| ED | Emotional Disturbance | trastorno emocional | An IDEA disability category characterized by emotional or behavioral difficulties that adversely affect educational performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| EI | Early Intervention | intervención temprana | Services for at-risk children from birth to their third birthdays, as mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). [LINK to Early Intervention – IDEA Part C] | specialeducationguide.com |
| EL | English learner | aprendiz de inglés | A student who is not yet proficient in English and whose primary language is not English. | cde.ca.gov |
| ELA | English language arts | Artes del lenguaje inglés | The academic subject encompassing reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language. | cde.ca.gov |
| ELAC | English Learner Advisory Committee | Comité asesor de padres de aprendices de inglés | A school-level advisory committee of parents of English learners advising on EL programs and services. | cde.ca.gov |
| ELD | English language development | desarrollo de inglés | Instruction specifically designed to develop English language skills of English learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| ELPAC | English Language Proficiency Assessments for California | Pruebas del dominio de inglés para California | California's state assessment identifying English learners and measuring annual progress in English proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| ELPI | English Learner Progress Indicator | Indicador del progreso de aprendices de inglés | A California state indicator measuring EL progress toward English proficiency on the ELPAC. | cde.ca.gov |
| ESEA | Elementary and Secondary Education Act | Ley Federal para la Educación Primaria y Secundaria | The principal federal law governing K–12 education, most recently reauthorized as ESSA. | cde.ca.gov |
| ESL | English as a second language | Inglés como segundo idioma | A program providing targeted English instruction to students who are not yet proficient in English. | cde.ca.gov |
| ESSA | Every Student Succeeds Act | la Ley Cada Estudiante Triunfa | The 2015 reauthorization of ESEA giving states more flexibility in accountability systems. | cde.ca.gov |
| F | ||||
| FAPE | Free and Appropriate Public Education | educación pública gratuita y apropiada | The education to which every student is entitled under IDEA. Every student is entitled to an education that is appropriate for his or her unique needs and that is provided free of charge. | specialeducationguide.com |
| FBA | Functional Behavior Analysis | evaluación funcional de la conducta | A process which describes a student’s disruptive behaviors, looks for the reasons behind the behaviors and offers interventions that teach new behaviors to replace the undesired ones. | specialeducationguide.com |
| FEP | fluent-English proficient | proficiente en inglés con fluidez | A student previously identified as an English learner who has been reclassified as proficient in English. | cde.ca.gov |
| FRPM | Free or Reduced-Priced Meals | Comidas Gratis o a Precios Reducidos | A federally funded meal program for students from low-income families; used as a proxy for socioeconomic disadvantage. | cde.ca.gov |
| G | ||||
| GATE | Gifted and Talented Education | Educación de estudiantes talentosos y dotados | Programs providing enriched or accelerated learning for students with high academic ability or potential. | cde.ca.gov |
| GPA | grade-point average | promedio de calificaciones | A numerical average of a student's grades across all courses. | cde.ca.gov |
| H | ||||
| HLS | Home Language Survey | Encuesta de la lengua materna | A questionnaire given at enrollment to identify students who may be English learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| HQT | Highly Qualified Teachers | maestros altamente calificados | An initiative of the No Child Left Behind Act, the federal definition of a highly qualified teacher is one who meets all of the following criteria: Fully certified and/or licensed by the state | specialeducationguide.com |
| I | ||||
| IB | International Baccalaureate | Bachillerato Internacional | A globally recognized program offering rigorous pre-university coursework for students ages 3–19. | cde.ca.gov |
| ID | Intellectual Disability | discapacidad intelectual | Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing simultaneously with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. ID has been referred to as “Mental Retardation” (MR) in the past, and the term and its acronym may be used colloquially or on older documentation. (The federal government has passed legislation changing this term, but the legislation gave the states no deadline for changing the term in state laws/documents. Most states have already changed the term.) It is not, however, a currently accepted practice to refer to individuals with intellectual disabilities as mentally retarded. | specialeducationguide.com |
| IDEA | Individuals with Disabilities Education Act | Ley de la Educación para Individuos con Discapacidades | A law that guarantees educational rights to all students with disabilities and makes it illegal for school districts to refuse to educate a student based on his or her disability. | specialeducationguide.com |
| IEP | individualized education program | programa individualizado de educación | A written document describing a student's present levels, annual goals, and special education services. | cde.ca.gov |
| IFEP | Initially-fluent English proficient | inicialmente designado como un estudiante con dominio de inglés | A student identified at initial enrollment as already proficient in English. | cde.ca.gov |
| IFSP | Individualized Family Services Plan | plan individualizado de servicios familiares | A written treatment plan that maps out the early intervention services a child (age birth to his/her third birthday) will receive, as well as how and when these services will be administered. It details a child’s current levels of functioning, specific needs and goals for treatment (referred to as outcomes). | specialeducationguide.com |
| IQ | Intelligence Quotient | cociente intelectual; coeficiente intelectual | One of the measures used to determine eligibility for special education services. | nlm.nih.gov |
| IS | Independent Study | Estudios Independientes | An alternative instructional model in which a student completes coursework independently under teacher supervision. | cde.ca.gov |
| L | ||||
| LBLD | Language-Based Learning Disability | discapacidad de aprendizaje basada en el lenguaje | A spectrum of difficulties related to understanding and using oral and written language, often associated with dyslexia. | ldaamerica.org |
| LCAP | Local Control and Accountability Plan | Plan de rendición de cuentas con control local | A California planning document describing district goals, actions, and expenditures to improve student outcomes. | cde.ca.gov |
| LCFF | Local Control Funding Formula | Fórmula de financiamiento con control local | California's funding system directing more resources to districts serving high-need students. | cde.ca.gov |
| LD | Learning Disability | discapacidad de aprendizaje | A neurological disorder affecting one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language. | specialeducationguide.com |
| LEA | local educational agency | agencia de educación local | A school district or other public body administering public elementary or secondary schools. | cde.ca.gov |
| LRE | Least Restrictive Environment | entorno menos restrictivo; ambiente menos restrictivo | The environment in which students with disabilities must be educated, as mandated by The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). Students with disabilities must be educated in a classroom setting that is as close to the general education setting as possible. | specialeducationguide.com |
| LTEL | long-term English learner | aprendiz de inglés de largo plazo | A student enrolled in U.S. schools for six or more years who has not yet attained English proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| M | ||||
| MEP | Migrant Education Program | Programa de Educación para Alumnos Migratorios | A federal program supporting the educational needs of children of migratory agricultural workers. | cde.ca.gov |
| MET or MDT | Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team | equipo multidisciplinario de evaluación | The name used for the group of trained professionals that conduct eligibility and review assessments. These members are often the same as the IEP Team, but the law does not define a MET or MDT, simply calls them a group of qualified professionals. | specialeducationguide.com |
| MTSS | Multi-tiered System of Support | Sistema de Apoyo Escalonado | A framework providing a continuum of evidence-based practices to address academic, behavioral, and social-emotional needs. | cde.ca.gov |
| N | ||||
| NAEP | National Assessment of Educational Progress | Evaluación nacional del progreso educativo | A federally mandated assessment measuring what U.S. students know in various subjects; known as the Nation's Report Card. | cde.ca.gov |
| NCLB | No Child Left Behind | Ley de 2001 Que Ningún Niño Se Quede Atrás | The current reauthorization of President Lyndon Johnson’s Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), passed in 2001 and implemented in 2002, the purpose of which was to raise achievement and close achievement gaps. | nea.org |
| NGSS | Next Generation Science Standards | Normas de las ciencias de la próxima generación | A set of K–12 science standards developed to improve science education nationwide. | cde.ca.gov |
| NVLD | Nonverbal Learning Disability | discapacidad de aprendizaje no verbal | A learning disability affecting processing of nonverbal information including visual-spatial, motor, and social skills. | ldaamerica.org |
| O | ||||
| OHI | Other Health Impairment | otro impedimento de salud | A disability category under IDEA that lists examples of health-related conditions that may qualify a child for special education: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, heart conditions, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia and Tourette syndrome. | nichcy.org |
| OI | Orthopedic Impairment | impedimento ortopédico | Physical disabilities which could affect the academic process. | specialeducationguide.com |
| OT | Occupational Therapist | terapeuta ocupacional | A professional who treats patients with injuries, illnesses or disabilities through the therapeutic use of everyday activities. They help these patients develop, recover and improve the skills needed for daily living and working. | bls.gov |
| OT | Occupational Therapy | terapia ocupacional | A related service addressing fine motor skills, sensory processing, and daily living skills to support school participation. | cde.ca.gov |
| P | ||||
| PAC | Parent Advisory Council | Consejo Asesor de Padres de Familia | A school or district committee providing parents with a formal voice in educational decision-making. | cde.ca.gov |
| PBIS | Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports | intervenciones y apoyos conductuales positivos | A proactive, school-wide framework using data-driven practices to improve student behavior and school climate. | specialeducationguide.com |
| PBS | Positive Behavior Support | apoyo conductual positivo | An approach to eliminate challenging behaviors and replace them with pro-social skills. | nasponline.org |
| PECS | Picture Exchange Communication System | sistema de comunicación por intercambio de imágenes | A type of augmentative alternative communication (AAC) originally developed for children with autism. The primary purpose of PECS is to teach individuals with autism to initiate communication. Individuals are taught to initiate by handing a picture to a communication partner in exchange for a desired item. | education.illinoisstate.edu |
| PFT | Physical Fitness Test | Examen de aptitud física | California's annual fitness test for students in grades 5, 7, and 9, measuring six components of physical fitness. | cde.ca.gov |
| PLC | Professional Learning Community | comunidad de aprendizaje profesional | A group of professionals that review data, create needed interventions and make decisions, with the goal of helping students learn and achieve. While the exact definition of a PLC can vary from school to school, in general, the PLC serves the entire school and members collaborate to analyze data and support student learning. | specialeducationguide.com |
| PT | Physical Therapist | fisioterapeuta; terapeuta físico | Professionals who help people who have injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain. They are often an important part of rehabilitation and treatment of patients with chronic conditions or injuries. | bls.gov |
| PT | Physical Therapy | fisioterapia; terapia física | A related service addressing gross motor skills, mobility, posture, and physical development. | specialeducationguide.com |
| PTA | Parent Teacher Association | Asociación de Padres y Maestros | A school-based organization fostering collaboration between parents, teachers, and the community. | cde.ca.gov |
| R | ||||
| RFEP | reclassified-fluent English proficient | estudiante reclasificado competente en inglés | A student previously designated as an English learner who has met criteria to be reclassified as English proficient. | cde.ca.gov |
| RTI | Response to Intervention | respuesta a la intervención | A process used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson. If a child does not respond to the initial interventions, more focused interventions are used to help the child master the skill. RTI strategies address both learning and behavior. | specialeducationguide.com |
| S | ||||
| SBE | State Board of Education | Mesa Directiva Estatal de la Educación | California's policy-setting body for K–12 public education. | cde.ca.gov |
| SDAIE | Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English | Instrucción académica especialmente diseñada en inglés | An approach to teaching academic content in English to English learners to make it comprehensible while building language proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| SDC | Special Day Class | clase para estudiantes con discapacidades | A self-contained classroom where students with disabilities receive specialized instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| SEA | State Educational Agency | Agencia Educativa Estatal | The state-level agency responsible for overseeing public education within a state. | cde.ca.gov |
| SELPA | special education local planning area | área de planificación local para la educación especial | A California administrative unit coordinating special education services across a geographic region. | cde.ca.gov |
| SLD | Specific Learning Disability | discapacidad especifica de aprendizaje | A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using spoken or written language, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or to do mathematical calculations. Specific learning disabilities include conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia and developmental aphasia. The term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing or motor disabilities, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance or of environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage. | doe.mass.edu |
| SLI | Speech or Language Impairment | trastorno de habla o lenguaje | A communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. | specialeducationguide.com |
| SLP | Speech-Language Pathologist | patólogo del habla y lenguaje; fonoaudiólogo/a; logopeda | Also known as a speech therapist, a professional who diagnoses and treats communication and swallowing disorders. | bls.gov |
| SPD | Sensory Processing Disorder | trastorno del procesamiento sensorial | A condition in which the brain has trouble receiving and responding to sensory information. | specialeducationguide.com |
| SPED | Special Education | educación especial | Term used in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) that is defined as specially designed instruction to increase the student’s chances for success. | specialeducationguide.com |
| SSB | State Seal of Biliteracy | Sello estatal de alfabetización bilingüe | A California recognition for high school graduates who have attained high proficiency in a language in addition to English. | cde.ca.gov |
| SSC | school site council | consejo directivo escolar | A school-level governing body including parents, staff, and community members that oversees school improvement planning. | cde.ca.gov |
| SSPI | State Superintendent of Public Instruction | Superintendente de Instrucción Pública del Estado | California's elected official responsible for overseeing the state's public school system. | cde.ca.gov |
| SST | Student Study Team | equipo de estudio del estudiante | A more common term is Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MET or MDT). It is a team comprised of the school psychologist, parents and the school’s special education team that meets when a child continues to struggle after attempts have been made to remedy problems without special education services. The SST or MET decides if the student should be evaluated, or if he or she will continue without special education services. | specialeducationguide.com |
| T | ||||
| TBI | Traumatic Brain Injury | lesión cerebral traumática | An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability and/or psychosocial impairment, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. | specialeducationguide.com |
| U | ||||
| UDL | Universal Design for Learning | diseño universal para el aprendizaje | A framework providing all students equal learning opportunities through multiple means of representation, expression, and engagement. | specialeducationguide.com |
| UPK | Universal Prekindergarten | Educación prekindergarten universal | A California initiative expanding access to preschool for all four-year-olds. | cde.ca.gov |
| V | ||||
| VI | Visual Impairment | discapacidad visual | An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness. | specialeducationguide.com |
| W | ||||
| WISC | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children | escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para niños | An individual intelligence test, usually administered by the school psychologist, which measures a student’s intelligence in a variety of areas, including linguistic and spatial intelligence. This is a norm-referenced test, meaning that it has statistical validity and reliability for what it states it measures. | specialeducationguide.com |
| WJIII | Woodcock Johnson, Third Edition | [prueba] Woodcock-Johnson, tercera edición, | A performance-based test commonly used to help to determine a student’s eligibility for special education services. | specialeducationguide.com |
Organ Donation
📖 English
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This glossary contains terms from the HRSA/organdonor.gov official glossary, listed alphabetically. The Interpreter Notes column flags terms requiring special handling or attention in the field. Where no note appears, standard accurate rendering applies.
Source: HRSA / organdonor.gov Official Glossary | Interpreter notes added by MasterWord
| Term | Definition | Interpreter Notes |
|---|---|---|
| A | ||
| Allocation | The process of determining how organs are distributed. Includes policies and guidelines ensuring organs are distributed in an equitable, ethical, and medically sound manner. | — |
| Allograft | A transplant of an organ or tissue from another person of the same species. | — |
| Aneurysm | A ballooning or weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel. As it increases in size, risk of rupture increases, which can lead to internal bleeding and death. | — |
| Anti-Rejection Medicine (Immunosuppressive Drugs) | Medicines that reduce or prevent the body’s ability to reject a transplanted organ or tissue. | Transplant recipients take these for life. Family members may ask about long-term care requirements. |
| Antibody | A protein made by the immune system to attack a foreign substance. Because antibodies attack transplanted organs, transplant patients must take drugs to suppress the body’s attack on the donated organ. | — |
| Antigen | A foreign substance, such as a transplanted organ or tissue, that triggers the body to reject it. | — |
| B | ||
| Blood Vessels | The arteries, veins, and capillaries through which blood circulates. Blood vessels can be donated and transplanted. | Donatable tissue — may be mentioned during the consent conversation. |
| Bone | Dense tissue that forms the skeleton and supports the body. Bone can be donated and transplanted. | Donatable tissue. |
| Bone Marrow | A thick liquid found in hollow bones (leg, arm, hip). Consists of cells that develop into blood cells. Marrow for transplant is usually collected from the pelvic bone. | — |
| Brain Death | Occurs when the brain is totally and irreversibly non-functional. Caused by insufficient blood/oxygen supply, resulting in the death of brain cells. Legally and medically equivalent to death. | CRITICAL TERM. Coordinators may use softer language (“devastating injury,” “no brain activity”) before formal declaration. Render the coordinator’s chosen phrasing exactly — do not substitute clinical terminology they have not used. |
| C | ||
| Cadaveric Donor | Also called a non-living or deceased donor (preferred term). A person who donates organs or tissue after they have died. | Use “deceased donor” as the preferred rendering if interpreting into English. |
| Candidate | A patient who has been placed on the national waiting list for solid organ transplantation. | — |
| Circulatory Death (Cardiac Death / DCD) | Occurs when a person’s heart stops and cannot be resuscitated. Just like brain death, there is no recovery from circulatory death. Also referred to as cardiac death or donation after circulatory death (DCD). | Different clinical protocols than brain death donation (DBD). The coordinator will indicate which pathway applies. |
| Cold Ischemia Time | The time an organ is without blood circulation and kept cold — from removal from the donor to transplantation into the recipient. Preservation times vary from approximately 2 to 48 hours depending on the organ type. | Time-sensitive. This is why the process moves quickly once authorization is obtained. Render any mention of this term precisely. |
| Connective Tissue | Forms the supportive and connective structures of the body, such as tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, and fascia (the covering of muscles). | Donatable tissue category. |
| Cornea | The transparent outer covering of the eye’s iris and pupil. Corneas can be donated and transplanted to restore sight for people with damaged corneas. | Donatable tissue — may be specifically mentioned by the coordinator during the consent conversation. |
| Cross-Matching | A blood test performed before a transplant to determine if the specific donor organ is likely to be rejected by the prospective recipient. A positive test means they are incompatible. | — |
| Cyclosporine | A medicine that suppresses the body’s immune response, preventing organ rejection. One of several immunosuppressive drugs used post-transplant. | — |
| D | ||
| Deceased Donor | A person who has been declared dead and whose organs and/or tissues have been donated for transplantation. Preferred term over “cadaveric donor.” | — |
| Designated Requestor | An individual who has completed an OPO-approved course in the methodology for approaching potential donor families and requesting organ donation. | In most assignments, this is the OPO coordinator (FES/FCS). See Abbreviations Reference. |
| Dialysis | A mechanical process designed to remove toxic substances from the blood, correct fluid and chemical balance, and remove wastes when the kidneys cannot function. See Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis. | — |
| Donation | The act of giving organ(s), tissue(s), or blood to someone else without compensation. | — |
| Domino Transplant | A rare scenario in which patient A receives a heart-lung combination; patient A’s healthy heart is then transplanted into patient B who needs only a heart. | — |
| Donor Designation | Documentation of an individual’s decision to donate organs, eyes, and/or tissues after death — typically on a driver’s license or through a state donor registry. | A valid designation is legally binding. Family cannot override it in most states. |
| Donor Registries | Confidential electronic databases where individuals record their wish to be an organ and tissue donor. Accessible 24/7 to authorized OPO personnel — the fastest way to confirm whether a deceased individual was a registered donor. | — |
| E | ||
| End-Stage Organ Disease | A disease that leads to permanent, complete failure of an organ to function. Examples: emphysema (lungs), cardiomyopathy (heart), polycystic kidney disease (kidneys). | Provides context for why recipients need transplants. |
| End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) | The complete or near-complete failure of the kidneys to function. Kidneys can no longer remove wastes, concentrate urine, or regulate key body functions. | — |
| F | ||
| First Person Consent (Authorization) Legislation | State laws ensuring legal authority to proceed with organ procurement without family consent, based on the deceased’s own documented consent (e.g., driver’s license, donor registry). | If a family objects but the donor was registered, the OPO coordinator will explain the legal framework. Render this conversation completely and accurately. |
| G | ||
| Genetic Disorder | A disease or disorder related to heredity, birth, or origin. | — |
| Graft | A transplanted organ or tissue. | — |
| Graft Survival | The length of time an organ functions successfully after being transplanted. | — |
| H | ||
| Heart | A muscular organ that pumps blood through the body. The heart can be donated and transplanted. | One of eight donatable organs. |
| Heart Valves | Structures that prevent the backflow of blood as it is pumped through the heart. Heart valves can be donated and transplanted. | Donatable tissue. |
| Hemodialysis | A treatment for kidney failure in which the patient’s blood is passed through a filtering membrane to remove excess fluid and wastes. | — |
| Histocompatibility | The examination or testing of antigens to determine if a donor organ will match and be compatible with a recipient’s system. Also called tissue-typing. | — |
| Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) | Genetically determined markers on human white blood cells and tissues, inherited from both biological parents. HLA matching is important for donor-recipient compatibility. | — |
| I | ||
| Idiopathic | Relating to an organ damaged or destroyed by a disease or condition of unknown origin. | — |
| Immune Response | The body’s natural defense against foreign objects or organisms — including transplanted organs. | — |
| Immunosuppressive Drugs | Chemical agents that prevent the body from producing antibodies that fight foreign material, allowing acceptance of a donor organ. See also Anti-Rejection Medicine. | — |
| Informed Consent | The process of reaching a voluntary agreement based on full disclosure and full understanding of what will take place. In this context: the family’s decision to authorize donation on behalf of the deceased. | CRITICAL CONCEPT. The authorization conversation is informed consent. Omissions or distortions by the interpreter can compromise its legal and ethical validity. |
| Intestines | The portion of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus (small and large intestine). The intestines can be donated and transplanted. | One of eight donatable organs. |
| K | ||
| Kidneys | A pair of organs that maintain water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter metabolic waste excreted as urine. Can be donated by deceased and living donors. | One of eight donatable organs. Two kidneys can be donated. |
| L | ||
| Ligaments | Fibrous bands linking two or more bones, cartilages, or structures together. Provide stability during rest and movement. Can be transplanted. | Donatable tissue. |
| Liver | A large organ that secretes bile and is active in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Also removes waste and toxins from the bloodstream. Can be donated by deceased donors; a lobe can be donated by a living donor. | One of eight donatable organs. |
| Living Donor | A person who donates an organ or tissue while alive. Living donors can donate a kidney or a portion of the liver, lung, or intestine. | Distinct from deceased donation. The interpreter’s role and obligations are identical. |
| Lungs | The organs that enable breathing, providing life-sustaining oxygen to the body. Both lungs can be donated and transplanted; a lung lobe can be donated by a living donor. | One of eight donatable organs. Two lungs can be donated. |
| Lymphocytotoxic Crossmatch Test | Detects antibodies in the recipient that react with donor HLA antigens. A positive result identifies antibodies responsible for hyperacute rejection and is a contraindication to transplantation. | Highly technical. If mentioned in a family conversation, render it phonetically and alert the coordinator immediately after. |
| M | ||
| Match | The degree of compatibility between a donor and a recipient. | — |
| Match Run | The list generated when a donor’s information is entered into the national waiting list computer system to identify potential recipients. | — |
| Metabolic Disorder | A condition related to dysfunction in the body’s chemical processes (metabolism). | — |
| N | ||
| National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) | Passed by Congress in 1984. Established the national organ sharing system (OPTN) and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR). Outlawed the sale of human organs in the United States. | — |
| O | ||
| Organ | A part of the body, made up of various tissues, that performs a particular function. Transplantable organs: heart, intestines, liver, lungs, kidneys, and pancreas. | — |
| Organ Donation | Giving an organ or part of an organ to be transplanted into another person. Can occur with a deceased or living donor. | — |
| Organ Preservation | Methods used to maintain organ quality between removal from the donor and transplantation into the recipient. Includes preservation solutions, pumps, and cold storage. Preservation times range from 2 to 48 hours depending on the organ. | Related to Cold Ischemia Time. |
| Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) | Established by NOTA in 1984. Improves the effectiveness of the national organ procurement, donation, and transplantation system. Administered by UNOS under contract to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. | — |
| Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) | Federally designated local organizations responsible for coordinating the donation process, evaluating potential donors, discussing donation with surviving families, and arranging the surgical removal and transport of donated organs. | The OPO is the client organization. The interpreter is contracted through MasterWord — contact MasterWord, not the OPO, for any issues. |
| P | ||
| Pancreas | A gland behind the stomach that secretes insulin and digestive enzymes. Pancreas transplants can allow patients with diabetes to become independent of insulin injections. | One of eight donatable organs. |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | Filtering waste using the peritoneal membrane inside the abdomen. A dialysis solution is introduced, remains for a period, then is drained. Can be performed at home daily. | — |
| Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (PBSC) | Stem cells that move from the bone marrow into the circulating blood. Can be donated and used for transplant. | — |
| Procurement | The surgical procedure of removing an organ, corneas, or other tissue(s) from a donor. Also called Recovery. | Performed in an operating room by a surgical team with full respect for the donor. |
| Procurement Coordinator | OPO staff member — typically a nurse, paramedic, or other medically trained individual — responsible for evaluating potential donors, discussing donation with families, medically managing the donor, and arranging organ recovery and transport. | May also be titled Clinical Donation Specialist (CDS), Family Engagement Specialist (FES), or Family Care Specialist (FCS) depending on the OPO. See Abbreviations Reference. |
| R | ||
| Recipient | The patient receiving a donated organ or tissue. | — |
| Recovery | The process of removing organs and tissues from the donor for transplantation. Also called Procurement. | — |
| Rejection (Acute and Chronic) | The body’s defense response against a transplanted organ or tissue, which it perceives as foreign. Acute rejection occurs rapidly; chronic rejection is the slow failure of the donated organ over time. | — |
| Required Request | A law (1986) requiring hospitals to have a policy ensuring that families of all suitable donors are asked for consent to donate. Designed to increase organ and tissue donation opportunities. | — |
| Requester | A healthcare professional who discusses organ donation with surviving family members to obtain their consent. | In current practice, this is typically the OPO coordinator (FES/FCS). |
| S | ||
| Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) | Established by NOTA (1984). Provides evaluation of clinical information about donors, transplant candidates, and recipients, as well as patient and graft survival rates. | — |
| Skin | The largest organ of the body. Functions include protection from infection and fluid balance. Skin grafts can save burn victims and improve the quality of life for severely scarred individuals. | Donatable tissue — may be mentioned during a tissue donation consent conversation. |
| Status | In transplantation, an indication of the degree of medical urgency for patients awaiting heart or liver transplants. | — |
| T | ||
| Tendon | A tough, flexible band of fibrous tissue connecting muscles to bones. Tendons can be transplanted. | Donatable tissue. |
| Tissue | A body part consisting of similar cells that perform a special function. Transplantable tissues include bones, corneas, heart valves, ligaments, veins, and tendons. | — |
| Tissue Typing | A procedure testing the tissues of a prospective donor and recipient to identify human leukocyte antigens (HLA). See Histocompatibility. | — |
| Transplantation | The transfer of cells, tissue, or organs from one person to another. | — |
| Transplantation — Allogenic (Allograft) | Transplantation between genetically different members of the same species (not identical twins). | — |
| Transplantation — Autologous | Receiving a transplant of one’s own cells or tissues. Can be used to repair or replace damaged tissue (e.g., autologous bone marrow transplantation prior to cancer therapy). | — |
| Transplant Coordinator | A transplant center staff member responsible for managing the care and progress of potential transplant recipients before, during, and after transplantation. | This is a transplant center role, distinct from the OPO coordinator. |
| Transplant Recipient | A person who has received a tissue or organ transplant. | — |
| U | ||
| United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) | The private, nonprofit organization that administers the OPTN under contract to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Coordinates the national organ matching system and the waiting list. | — |
| V | ||
| Vascularized Composite Allograft (VCA) | A transplant composed of several types of tissue — skin, bone, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. Examples include hand, arm, or face transplants. | Less common; may be mentioned in specialized donation assignments. |
| W | ||
| Waiting List | A national database maintained by the OPTN of all patients waiting for an organ transplant. Composed of sublists for specific organs. See Match Run. | Over 100,000 individuals on the national list at any given time. |
| X | ||
| Xenograft | An organ or tissue transplanted into a human from a non-human animal. | — |
🔤 EN Abbreviations
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This reference covers abbreviations commonly used in OPO communications, clinical settings, and donation-related correspondence. Note that some role titles (FES, FCS, FSC) vary by OPO – they describe the same family-facing function. When in doubt about a specific abbreviation used by a client, ask before interpreting.
Sources: HRSA/organdonor.gov; Association of Organ Procurement Organizations (AOPO); Organ Donation & Transplantation Alliance; Indiana Donor Network; UNOS/OPTN
| Abbrev. | Full Term | Notes for Interpreters |
|---|---|---|
| AOPO | Association of Organ Procurement Organizations | National membership organization representing OPOs. |
| AP | Authorizing / Acknowledging Party | The individual who signs the authorization form for donation; may differ from LNOK in some state laws. |
| BD / DBD | Brain Death / Donation after Brain Death | Death declared by neurologic criteria. BD is the determination; DBD describes the donation pathway. |
| CDS | Clinical Donation Specialist | OPO staff role focused on the medical/clinical management of the donor and organ matching. Also called Procurement Coordinator at some OPOs. |
| CMS | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services | Federal agency that designates and oversees OPOs. |
| DCD | Donation after Circulatory Death (also: Cardiac Death) | A donation pathway in which death is declared by circulatory criteria rather than neurologic criteria. Follows different clinical protocols than DBD. |
| DSA | Designated Service Area | The geographic region an OPO is federally authorized to serve. |
| FCS | Family Care Specialist | Alternative OPO title for the staff member who leads family support and the authorization conversation. Same function as FES; title varies by OPO. |
| FES | Family Engagement Specialist | OPO staff member who leads the authorization conversation with the donor family and provides ongoing family support. The interpreter’s primary speaker in most donation encounters. Title used by LifeGift; equivalent roles at other OPOs may be called FCS or FSC. |
| FPA | First Person Authorization | A legally binding donor designation made by the individual during their lifetime (e.g., on a driver’s license or donor registry). In FPA states, the family cannot override this decision. |
| FSC | Family Services Coordinator | Another OPO title variant for the family-facing staff role. Same function as FES/FCS. |
| HHS | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | Federal department with oversight authority over organ donation and transplantation policy. |
| HLA | Human Leukocyte Antigens | Genetic markers used in donor-recipient compatibility testing (tissue typing). |
| ICU | Intensive Care Unit | Hospital unit where most potential organ donors are managed prior to donation. |
| LNOK | Legal Next-of-Kin | The person(s) with legal authority to make decisions about donation if the deceased was not a registered donor. Hierarchy typically follows: spouse → adult children → parents → siblings → other close relatives. |
| ME | Medical Examiner | In cases where a death is subject to legal or forensic review, the ME must release jurisdiction before donation can proceed. |
| NOTA | National Organ Transplant Act | Federal law (1984) that established the OPTN and the framework for OPOs in the United States. |
| OPO | Organ Procurement Organization | A federally designated non-profit organization responsible for coordinating deceased organ donation within a specific geographic service area. There are 58 OPOs in the United States. |
| OPTN | Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network | The national network that manages organ matching and transplant policies. Administered by UNOS under federal contract. |
| PIC / POC | Person in Charge / Point of Contact | Hospital staff member coordinating with the OPO at the facility level. |
| SRTR | Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients | Federal database tracking all solid organ transplants in the US; used for OPO performance reporting. |
| UAGA | Uniform Anatomical Gift Act | State-level law providing legal guidelines for organ donation, including the legally binding nature of donor registrations and the LNOK hierarchy. |
| UNOS | United Network for Organ Sharing | Private non-profit that administers the OPTN under federal contract. Manages the national transplant waiting list. |
A note on role titles: FES, FCS, and FSC all refer to the same family-facing OPO function. Different OPOs use different titles for the coordinator who leads the family authorization conversation and provides support. FES (Family Engagement Specialist) is the title used by LifeGift; other OPOs may use FCS (Family Care Specialist) or FSC (Family Services Coordinator). In all cases, this is your primary speaker during the consent conversation. If you are unsure of the correct title before an assignment, refer to your assignment details or ask an OPO representative during a pre-brief.
🌐 Bilingual (EN-ES)
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Terms are listed alphabetically based on the English term. Spanish terms reflect the official U.S. government Spanish-language equivalents where available. Interpreters should use the Spanish equivalents from this glossary as their default and flag any regional variations relevant to their specific locale. The Interpreter Notes column flags terms requiring special handling or attention in the field. Where no note appears, standard accurate rendering applies.
Source: HRSA / organdonor.gov Official Glossary | Interpreter notes added by MasterWord
Translation Sources: [A] donaciondeorganos.gov — official Spanish-language HRSA/organdonor.gov site | [B] MedlinePlus en español — U.S. National Library of Medicine | [C] MasterWord / standard medical Spanish — used only where no official U.S. government equivalent is available.
| Term (EN / ES) | Definition — English | Definición — Español | Source | Interpreter Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||
| Allocation Asignación | The process of determining how organs are distributed. Includes policies and guidelines ensuring organs are distributed in an equitable, ethical, and medically sound manner. | El proceso de determinar cómo se distribuyen los órganos. La asignación incluye el sistema de políticas y normas que garantizan que los órganos se distribuyan de manera equitativa, ética y médicamente efectiva. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Allograft Aloinjerto | A transplant of an organ or tissue from another person of the same species. | Trasplante de un órgano o tejido que proviene de otra persona de la misma especie. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Aneurysm Aneurisma | A ballooning or weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel. As it increases in size, risk of rupture increases, which can lead to internal bleeding and death. | Una inflamación o zona debilitada de la pared de un vaso sanguíneo. A medida que aumenta de tamaño, aumenta el riesgo de ruptura, lo que puede desencadenar un sangrado interno y la muerte. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Anti-Rejection Medicine (Immunosuppressive Drugs) Medicamentos antirrechazo (inmunosupresores) | Medicines that reduce or prevent the body’s ability to reject a transplanted organ or tissue. | Medicamentos que reducen o evitan que el organismo rechace un órgano o tejido trasplantado. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Transplant recipients take these for life. Family members may ask about long-term care requirements. |
| Antibody Anticuerpo | A protein made by the immune system to attack a foreign substance. Because antibodies attack transplanted organs, transplant patients must take drugs to suppress the body’s attack on the donated organ. | Una proteína producida por el sistema inmunológico para atacar una sustancia extraña. Debido a que los anticuerpos atacan los órganos trasplantados, los pacientes deben tomar medicamentos inmunosupresores. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Antigen Antígeno | A foreign substance, such as a transplanted organ or tissue, that triggers the body to reject it. | Una sustancia extraña, como un órgano o tejido trasplantado, que provoca que el cuerpo la rechace. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| B | ||||
| Blood Vessels Vasos sanguíneos | The arteries, veins, and capillaries through which blood circulates. Blood vessels can be donated and transplanted. | Las arterias, venas y capilares por los que circula la sangre. Los vasos sanguíneos pueden donarse y trasplantarse. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue — may be mentioned during the consent conversation. |
| Bone Hueso | Dense tissue that forms the skeleton and supports the body. Bone can be donated and transplanted. | Tejido denso que forma el esqueleto y sostiene el cuerpo. El hueso puede donarse y trasplantarse. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue. |
| Bone Marrow Médula ósea | A thick liquid found in hollow bones (leg, arm, hip). Consists of cells that develop into blood cells. Marrow for transplant is usually collected from the pelvic bone. | Líquido espeso que se encuentra en los huesos huecos (pierna, brazo, cadera). Está compuesto de células que se convierten en células sanguíneas. La médula para trasplante generalmente se obtiene del hueso pélvico. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Brain Death Muerte cerebral | Occurs when the brain is totally and irreversibly non-functional. Caused by insufficient blood/oxygen supply, resulting in the death of brain cells. Legally and medically equivalent to death. | Ocurre cuando el cerebro deja de funcionar de manera total e irreversible. Es causada por el suministro insuficiente de sangre y oxígeno, lo que produce la muerte de las células cerebrales. Es el equivalente legal y médico de la muerte. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | CRITICAL TERM. Coordinators may use softer language (“devastating injury,” “no brain activity”) before formal declaration. Render the coordinator’s chosen phrasing exactly — do not substitute clinical terminology they have not used. |
| C | ||||
| Cadaveric Donor Donante cadavérico | Also called a non-living or deceased donor (preferred term). A person who donates organs or tissue after they have died. | También llamado donante fallecido (término preferido). Persona cuyos órganos y tejidos son donados después de su fallecimiento. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Use “deceased donor” as the preferred rendering if interpreting into English. |
| Candidate Candidato | A patient who has been placed on the national waiting list for solid organ transplantation. | Paciente que ha sido incluido en la lista de espera nacional para el trasplante de órganos sólidos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Circulatory Death (Cardiac Death / DCD) Muerte circulatoria (muerte cardíaca / DCD) | Occurs when a person’s heart stops and cannot be resuscitated. Just like brain death, there is no recovery from circulatory death. Also referred to as cardiac death or donation after circulatory death (DCD). | Ocurre cuando el corazón de una persona se detiene y no puede ser reanimado. Al igual que la muerte cerebral, no hay recuperación de la muerte circulatoria. También conocida como muerte cardíaca o obtención tras muerte circulatoria (DCD). | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Different clinical protocols than brain death donation (DBD). The coordinator will indicate which pathway applies. |
| Cold Ischemia Time Tiempo de isquemia fría | The time an organ is without blood circulation and kept cold — from removal from the donor to transplantation into the recipient. Preservation times vary from approximately 2 to 48 hours depending on the organ type. | El tiempo que un órgano permanece sin circulación sanguínea y conservado en frío, desde su extracción del donante hasta el trasplante al receptor. Los tiempos de preservación varían entre 2 y 48 horas aproximadamente, según el tipo de órgano. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Time-sensitive. This is why the process moves quickly once authorization is obtained. Render any mention of this term precisely. |
| Connective Tissue Tejido conjuntivo (conectivo) | Forms the supportive and connective structures of the body, such as tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, and fascia (the covering of muscles). | Forma las estructuras de sostén y conexión del cuerpo, como tendones, ligamentos, cartílago, hueso y fascia (la cubierta de los músculos). | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue category. |
| Cornea Córnea | The transparent outer covering of the eye’s iris and pupil. Corneas can be donated and transplanted to restore sight for people with damaged corneas. | La cubierta exterior transparente del iris y la pupila del ojo. Las córneas pueden donarse y trasplantarse para restaurar la visión en personas con córneas dañadas. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue — may be specifically mentioned by the coordinator during the consent conversation. |
| Cross-Matching Prueba cruzada (crossmatching) | A blood test performed before a transplant to determine if the specific donor organ is likely to be rejected by the prospective recipient. A positive test means they are incompatible. | Análisis de sangre que se realiza antes del trasplante para determinar si el órgano donado es susceptible de ser rechazado por el receptor potencial. Un resultado positivo indica incompatibilidad. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Cyclosporine Ciclosporina | A medicine that suppresses the body’s immune response, preventing organ rejection. One of several immunosuppressive drugs used post-transplant. | Medicamento que suprime la respuesta inmunológica del organismo, previniendo el rechazo del órgano. Es uno de varios inmunosupresores utilizados después del trasplante. | MedlinePlus en español (NLM) | — |
| D | ||||
| Deceased Donor Donante fallecido | A person who has been declared dead and whose organs and/or tissues have been donated for transplantation. Preferred term over “cadaveric donor.” | Persona que ha sido declarada muerta y cuyos órganos y/o tejidos han sido donados para trasplante. Término preferido sobre “donante cadaver.” | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Designated Requestor Solicitante designado | An individual who has completed an OPO-approved course in the methodology for approaching potential donor families and requesting organ donation. | Persona que ha completado el curso aprobado por la OPO sobre la metodología para abordar a las familias de posibles donantes y solicitar la obtención de órganos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | In most assignments, this is the OPO coordinator (FES/FCS). See Abbreviations Reference. |
| Dialysis Diálisis | A mechanical process designed to remove toxic substances from the blood, correct fluid and chemical balance, and remove wastes when the kidneys cannot function. | Proceso mecánico diseñado para eliminar sustancias tóxicas de la sangre, corregir el equilibrio de líquidos y sustancias químicas, y eliminar desechos cuando los riñones no pueden funcionar. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Donation Obtención | The act of giving organ(s), tissue(s), or blood to someone else without compensation. | El acto de ceder órganos, tejidos o sangre a otra persona sin compensación a cambio. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Domino Transplant Trasplante secuencial o en cadena | A rare scenario in which patient A receives a heart-lung combination; patient A’s healthy heart is then transplanted into patient B who needs only a heart. | Situación poco frecuente en la que el paciente A recibe una combinación de corazón y pulmón; el corazón sano del paciente A se trasplanta entonces al paciente B, que solo necesita un corazón. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Donor Designation Designación de donante | Documentation of an individual’s decision to donate organs, eyes, and/or tissues after death — typically on a driver’s license or through a state donor registry. | Documentación de la decisión de una persona de donar órganos, ojos y/o tejidos tras su muerte; generalmente se registra en la licencia de conducir o a través del registro estatal de donantes. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | A valid designation is legally binding. Family cannot override it in most states. |
| Donor Registries Registros de donantes | Confidential electronic databases where individuals record their wish to be an organ and tissue donor. Accessible 24/7 to authorized OPO personnel. | Bases de datos electrónicas confidenciales donde las personas registran su deseo de ser donantes de órganos y tejidos. Accesibles las 24 horas del día, los 7 días de la semana, para el personal autorizado de la OPO. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| E | ||||
| End-Stage Organ Disease Enfermedad terminal | A disease that leads to permanent, complete failure of an organ to function. Examples: emphysema (lungs), cardiomyopathy (heart), polycystic kidney disease (kidneys). | Enfermedad que conduce a la insuficiencia permanente y total de un órgano. Ejemplos: enfisema (pulmones), miocardiopatía (corazón), enfermedad renal poliquística (riñones). | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Provides context for why recipients need transplants. |
| End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Enfermedad renal terminal (ERT) | The complete or near-complete failure of the kidneys to function. Kidneys can no longer remove wastes, concentrate urine, or regulate key body functions. | La insuficiencia renal total o casi total. Los riñones ya no pueden eliminar desechos, concentrar orina ni regular funciones corporales clave. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| F | ||||
| First Person Consent (Authorization) Legislation Legislación sobre el consentimiento del donante | State laws ensuring legal authority to proceed with organ procurement without family consent, based on the deceased’s own documented consent. | Leyes estatales que garantizan la autoridad legal para la procuración de órganos sin consentimiento de la familia, con base en el consentimiento documentado del fallecido. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | If a family objects but the donor was registered, the OPO coordinator will explain the legal framework. Render this conversation completely and accurately. |
| G | ||||
| Genetic Disorder Trastorno genético | A disease or disorder related to heredity, birth, or origin. | Enfermedad o trastorno relacionado con la herencia, el nacimiento o el origen. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Graft Injerto | A transplanted organ or tissue. | Un órgano o tejido trasplantado. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Graft Survival Supervivencia del injerto | The length of time an organ functions successfully after being transplanted. | El tiempo que un órgano funciona satisfactoriamente una vez trasplantado. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| H | ||||
| Heart Corazón | A muscular organ that pumps blood through the body. The heart can be donated and transplanted. | Órgano muscular que bombea sangre por todo el organismo. El corazón puede donarse y trasplantarse. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | One of eight donatable organs. |
| Heart Valves Válvulas cardíacas | Structures that prevent the backflow of blood as it is pumped through the heart. Heart valves can be donated and transplanted. | Estructuras que evitan el flujo inverso de la sangre cuando esta se bombea a través del corazón. Las válvulas cardíacas pueden donarse y trasplantarse. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue. |
| Hemodialysis Hemodiálisis | A treatment for kidney failure in which the patient’s blood is passed through a filtering membrane to remove excess fluid and wastes. | Tratamiento para la insuficiencia renal en el que la sangre del paciente pasa a través de una membrana de filtrado para eliminar el exceso de líquido y desechos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Histocompatibility Histocompatibilidad | The examination or testing of antigens to determine if a donor organ will match and be compatible with a recipient’s system. Also called tissue-typing. | Examen o análisis de antígenos para determinar si un órgano donado es compatible con el sistema del receptor. También se denomina tipificación tisular. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) Antígenos leucocitarios humanos (HLA) | Genetically determined markers on human white blood cells and tissues, inherited from both biological parents. HLA matching is important for donor-recipient compatibility. | Marcadores genéticos en los glóbulos blancos y tejidos humanos, heredados de ambos progenitores biológicos. La compatibilidad HLA es importante para la compatibilidad donante-receptor. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| I | ||||
| Idiopathic Idiopático | Relating to an organ damaged or destroyed by a disease or condition of unknown origin. | Relativo a un órgano dañado o destruido por una enfermedad o afección de origen desconocido. | MedlinePlus en español (NLM) | — |
| Immune Response Respuesta inmunológica | The body’s natural defense against foreign objects or organisms — including transplanted organs. | La defensa natural del organismo contra objetos u organismos extraños, incluidos los órganos trasplantados. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Immunosuppressive Drugs Medicamentos inmunosupresores | Chemical agents that prevent the body from producing antibodies that fight foreign material, allowing acceptance of a donor organ. | Agentes químicos que impiden que el organismo produzca anticuerpos que combaten el material extraño, lo que permite la aceptación de un órgano donado. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Informed Consent Consentimiento informado | The process of reaching a voluntary agreement based on full disclosure and full understanding of what will take place. In this context: the family’s decision to authorize donation on behalf of the deceased. | El proceso de llegar a un acuerdo voluntario basado en la divulgación completa y la comprensión total de lo que ocurrirá. En este contexto: la decisión de la familia de autorizar la obtención en nombre del fallecido. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | CRITICAL CONCEPT. The authorization conversation is informed consent. Omissions or distortions by the interpreter can compromise its legal and ethical validity. |
| Intestines Intestinos | The portion of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus (small and large intestine). The intestines can be donated and transplanted. | La porción del tracto digestivo desde el estómago hasta el ano (intestino delgado e intestino grueso). Los intestinos pueden donarse y trasplantarse. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | One of eight donatable organs. |
| K | ||||
| Kidneys Riñones | A pair of organs that maintain water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter metabolic waste excreted as urine. Can be donated by deceased and living donors. | Par de órganos que mantienen el equilibrio hídrico y electrolítico, regulan la concentración ácido-base y filtran los desechos metabólicos excretados como orina. Pueden provenir de donantes fallecidos o de donantes vivos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | One of eight donatable organs. Two kidneys can be donated. |
| L | ||||
| Ligaments Ligamentos | Fibrous bands linking two or more bones, cartilages, or structures together. Provide stability during rest and movement. Can be transplanted. | Bandas fibrosas que unen dos o más huesos, cartílagos u otras estructuras. Proporcionan estabilidad en reposo y en movimiento. Pueden trasplantarse. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue. |
| Liver Hígado | A large organ that secretes bile and is active in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Also removes waste and toxins from the bloodstream. Can be donated by deceased donors; a lobe can be donated by a living donor. | Órgano de gran tamaño que secreta bilis y participa activamente en el metabolismo de carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas. También elimina desechos y toxinas del torrente sanguíneo. Puede provenir de donantes fallecidos; un lóbulo puede ser donado por un donante en vida. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | One of eight donatable organs. |
| Living Donor Donante en vida (donante vivo) | A person who donates an organ or tissue while alive. Living donors can donate a kidney or a portion of the liver, lung, or intestine. | Persona que dona un órgano o tejido mientras está viva. Los donantes en vida pueden donar un riñón o una parte del hígado, pulmón o intestino. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Distinct from deceased donation. The interpreter’s role and obligations are identical. |
| Lungs Pulmones | The organs that enable breathing, providing life-sustaining oxygen to the body. Both lungs can be donated and transplanted; a lung lobe can be donated by a living donor. | Los órganos que permiten la respiración, proporcionando oxígeno al organismo. Ambos pulmones pueden donarse y trasplantarse; un lóbulo pulmonar puede ser donado por un donante en vida. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | One of eight donatable organs. Two lungs can be donated. |
| Lymphocytotoxic Crossmatch Test Prueba de compatibilidad linfocitotóxica | Detects antibodies in the recipient that react with donor HLA antigens. A positive result identifies antibodies responsible for hyperacute rejection and is a contraindication to transplantation. | Detecta anticuerpos en el receptor que reaccionan con los antígenos HLA del donante. Un resultado positivo identifica anticuerpos responsables del rechazo hiperagudo y constituye una contraindicación para el trasplante. | MedlinePlus en español (NLM) | Highly technical. |
| M | ||||
| Match Compatibilidad | The degree of compatibility between a donor and a recipient. | El grado de compatibilidad entre un donante y un receptor. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Match Run Búsqueda de compatibilidad | The list generated when a donor’s information is entered into the national waiting list computer system to identify potential recipients. | La lista que se genera para identificar posibles receptores cuando la información de un donante se ingresa en el sistema informático de la lista de espera nacional. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Metabolic Disorder Trastorno metabólico | A condition related to dysfunction in the body’s chemical processes (metabolism). | Afección relacionada con una disfunción en los procesos químicos del organismo (metabolismo). | MedlinePlus en español (NLM) | — |
| N | ||||
| National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) Ley Nacional de Trasplante de Órganos (NOTA) | Passed by Congress in 1984. Established the national organ sharing system (OPTN) and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR). Outlawed the sale of human organs in the United States. | Promulgada por el Congreso en 1984. Estableció la Red de Obtención y Trasplante de Órganos (OPTN) como sistema nacional de distribución de órganos y el Registro Científico de Receptores de Trasplantes (SRTR). Prohibió la venta de órganos humanos en los Estados Unidos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| O | ||||
| Organ Órgano | A part of the body, made up of various tissues, that performs a particular function. Transplantable organs: heart, intestines, liver, lungs, kidneys, and pancreas. | Parte del cuerpo, compuesta de varios tejidos, que cumple una función particular. Órganos trasplantables: corazón, intestinos, hígado, pulmones, riñones y páncreas. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Organ Donation Obtención de órganos | Giving an organ or part of an organ to be transplanted into another person. Can occur with a deceased or living donor. | Dar un órgano o parte de un órgano para que se trasplante a otra persona. Puede realizarse con un donante fallecido o un donante en vida. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Organ Preservation Preservación de órganos | Methods used to maintain organ quality between removal from the donor and transplantation into the recipient. Includes preservation solutions, pumps, and cold storage. | Métodos utilizados para mantener la calidad de los órganos entre su extracción del donante y el trasplante al receptor. Incluye soluciones de preservación, bombas y almacenamiento en frío. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Related to Cold Ischemia Time. |
| Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) Red de Obtención y Trasplante de Órganos (OPTN) | Established by NOTA in 1984. Improves the effectiveness of the national organ procurement, donation, and transplantation system. Administered by UNOS under contract to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. | Establecida por la NOTA en 1984. Mejora la eficacia del sistema nacional de obtención y trasplante de órganos. Administrada por UNOS bajo contrato con el Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE. UU. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) Organización de Obtención de Órganos (OPO) | Federally designated local organizations responsible for coordinating the donation process, evaluating potential donors, discussing donation with surviving families, and arranging the surgical removal and transport of donated organs. | Organizaciones locales designadas a nivel federal responsables de coordinar el proceso de obtención, evaluar a los posibles donantes, hablar con las familias sobrevivientes sobre la obtención y gestionar la extracción quirúrgica y el transporte de los órganos donados. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | The OPO is the client organization. The interpreter is contracted through MasterWord — contact MasterWord, not the OPO, for any issues. |
| P | ||||
| Pancreas Páncreas | A gland behind the stomach that secretes insulin and digestive enzymes. Pancreas transplants can allow patients with diabetes to become independent of insulin injections. | Glándula ubicada detrás del estómago que secreta insulina y enzimas digestivas. Los trasplantes de páncreas pueden permitir que los pacientes con diabetes dejen de depender de las inyecciones de insulina. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | One of eight donatable organs. |
| Peritoneal Dialysis Diálisis peritoneal | Filtering waste using the peritoneal membrane inside the abdomen. A dialysis solution is introduced, remains for a period, then is drained. Can be performed at home daily. | Filtración de desechos mediante la membrana peritoneal en el interior del abdomen. Se introduce una solución de diálisis, permanece un tiempo y luego se drena. Puede realizarse en el hogar diariamente. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (PBSC) Células madre de sangre periférica (CMSP) | Stem cells that move from the bone marrow into the circulating blood. Can be donated and used for transplant. | Células madre que pasan de la médula ósea a la sangre circulante. Pueden donarse y utilizarse para trasplante. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Procurement Obtención (extracción) | The surgical procedure of removing an organ, corneas, or other tissue(s) from a donor. Also called Recovery. | Procedimiento quirúrgico de extracción de un órgano, córneas u otros tejidos de un donante. También denominado recuperación. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Performed in an operating room by a surgical team with full respect for the donor. |
| Procurement Coordinator Coordinador de obtención | OPO staff member — typically a nurse, paramedic, or other medically trained individual — responsible for evaluating potential donors, discussing donation with families, medically managing the donor, and arranging organ recovery and transport. | Miembro del personal de la OPO —generalmente un enfermero, paramédico u otro profesional de la salud— responsable de evaluar a los posibles donantes, hablar con las familias sobre la obtención, gestionar médicamente al donante y coordinar la recuperación y el transporte de órganos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | May also be titled CDS, FES, or FCS depending on the OPO. See Abbreviations Reference. |
| R | ||||
| Recipient Receptor / Beneficiario | The patient receiving a donated organ or tissue. | El paciente que recibe un órgano o tejido donado. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Recovery Recuperación (extracción) | The process of removing organs and tissues from the donor for transplantation. Also called Procurement. | El proceso de extracción de órganos y tejidos del donante para su trasplante. También denominado obtención. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Rejection (Acute and Chronic) Rechazo (agudo y crónico) | The body’s defense response against a transplanted organ or tissue, which it perceives as foreign. Acute rejection occurs rapidly; chronic rejection is the slow failure of the donated organ over time. | La respuesta defensiva del organismo contra un órgano o tejido trasplantado, al que percibe como extraño. El rechazo agudo ocurre rápidamente; el rechazo crónico es el fallo progresivo del órgano donado que sucede con el tiempo. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Required Request Solicitud obligatoria | A law (1986) requiring hospitals to have a policy ensuring that families of all suitable donors are asked for consent to donate. | Ley (1986) que exige a los hospitales contar con una política que garantice que se solicite el consentimiento de las familias de todos los donantes potenciales adecuados. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Requester Solicitante | A healthcare professional who discusses organ donation with surviving family members to obtain their consent. | Profesional de la salud que habla con los familiares sobrevivientes sobre la obtención de órganos para obtener su consentimiento. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | In current practice, this is typically the OPO coordinator (FES/FCS). |
| S | ||||
| Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) Registro Científico de Receptores de Trasplantes (SRTR) | Established by NOTA (1984). Provides evaluation of clinical information about donors, transplant candidates, and recipients, as well as patient and graft survival rates. | Establecido por la NOTA (1984). Proporciona evaluación de información clínica sobre donantes, candidatos a trasplante y receptores, así como tasas de supervivencia de pacientes e injertos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Skin Piel | The largest organ of the body. Functions include protection from infection and fluid balance. Skin grafts can save burn victims and improve outcomes for severely scarred individuals. | El órgano más grande del cuerpo. Sus funciones incluyen la protección contra infecciones y el equilibrio de líquidos. Los injertos de piel pueden salvar la vida de víctimas de quemaduras y mejorar la calidad de vida de personas con cicatrices graves. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue — may be mentioned during a tissue donation consent conversation. |
| Status Estatus (estado de urgencia) | In transplantation, an indication of the degree of medical urgency for patients awaiting heart or liver transplants. | En trasplante, indicación del grado de urgencia médica de los pacientes en lista de espera para trasplante de corazón o hígado. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| T | ||||
| Tendon Tendón | A tough, flexible band of fibrous tissue connecting muscles to bones. Tendons can be transplanted. | Banda resistente y flexible de tejido fibroso que conecta los músculos con los huesos. Los tendones pueden trasplantarse. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Donatable tissue. |
| Tissue Tejido | A body part consisting of similar cells that perform a special function. Transplantable tissues include bones, corneas, heart valves, ligaments, veins, and tendons. | Parte del cuerpo compuesta de células similares que realizan una función especial. Los tejidos trasplantables incluyen huesos, córneas, válvulas cardíacas, ligamentos, venas y tendones. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Tissue Typing Tipificación tisular | A procedure testing the tissues of a prospective donor and recipient to identify human leukocyte antigens (HLA). | Procedimiento que analiza los tejidos de donantes y receptores potenciales para identificar los antígenos leucocitarios humanos (HLA). | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Transplantation Trasplante | The transfer of cells, tissue, or organs from one person to another. | La transferencia de células, tejidos u órganos de una persona a otra. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Transplantation — Allogenic (Allograft) Trasplante alogénico (aloinjerto) | Transplantation between genetically different members of the same species (not identical twins). | Trasplante entre miembros genéticamente diferentes de la misma especie (no gemelos idénticos). | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Transplantation — Autologous Trasplante autólogo | Receiving a transplant of one’s own cells or tissues. | Recibir un trasplante de las propias células o tejidos del paciente. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| Transplant Coordinator Coordinador de trasplante | A transplant center staff member responsible for managing the care and progress of potential transplant recipients before, during, and after transplantation. | Miembro del personal de un centro de trasplantes, responsable de gestionar la atención y el progreso de los posibles receptores de trasplante antes, durante y después del procedimiento. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | This is a transplant center role, distinct from the OPO coordinator. |
| Transplant Recipient Receptor de trasplante | A person who has received a tissue or organ transplant. | Persona que ha recibido un trasplante de tejido u órgano. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| U | ||||
| United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Red Unida para la Obtención de Órganos (UNOS) | The private, nonprofit organization that administers the OPTN under contract to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Coordinates the national organ matching system and the waiting list. | Organización privada sin fines de lucro que administra la OPTN bajo contrato con el Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de EE. UU. Coordina el sistema nacional de compatibilización de órganos y la lista de espera. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
| V | ||||
| Vascularized Composite Allograft (VCA) Aloinjerto compuesto vascularizado (VCA) | A transplant composed of several types of tissue — skin, bone, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. Examples include hand, arm, or face transplants. | Trasplante compuesto de varios tipos de tejidos: piel, hueso, músculos, vasos sanguíneos, nervios y tejido conjuntivo. Ejemplos: trasplantes de mano, brazo o cara. | MedlinePlus en español (NLM) | Less common; may be mentioned in specialized donation assignments. |
| W | ||||
| Waiting List Lista de espera | A national database maintained by the OPTN of all patients waiting for an organ transplant. Composed of sublists for specific organs. | Base de datos nacional mantenida por la OPTN con todos los pacientes que esperan un trasplante de órgano. Compuesta de sublistas para órganos específicos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | Over 100,000 individuals on the national list at any given time. |
| X | ||||
| Xenograft Xenoinjerto | An organ or tissue transplanted into a human from a non-human animal. | Órgano o tejido trasplantado a un ser humano proveniente de un animal no humano. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) | — |
🌐 Bilingual Abbreviations (EN-ES)
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Spanish equivalents for OPO staff role titles (FES, FCS, FSC, CDS) are functional translations, not established official terms. These roles are referred to by their English abbreviations in most U.S. OPO settings, even in Spanish-language interactions. Interpreters should default to the English abbreviation followed by a brief explanatory rendering (e.g., “la especialista en participación familiar — FES”).
Translation Sources: [A] donaciondeorganos.gov — official HRSA Spanish-language site | [B] MedlinePlus en español (U.S. National Library of Medicine) | [C] OPTN / HHS.gov Spanish-language materials | [D*] MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish — used for OPO staff role titles and AOPO, as no standardized official U.S. government Spanish equivalent exists for these specific terms.
| Abbrev. | Full Term — English | Término completo — Español | Translation Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| AOPO | Association of Organ Procurement Organizations National membership organization representing OPOs. | Asociación de Organizaciones de Obtención de Órganos Organización que representa a las OPO miembros a nivel nacional. | MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish* |
| AP | Authorizing / Acknowledging Party The individual who signs the authorization form. May differ from LNOK in some state laws. | Parte autorizante / que acusa de recibo La persona que firma el formulario de autorización. Puede diferir del LNOK según la ley estatal. | MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish* |
| BD / DBD | Brain Death / Donation after Brain Death BD is the neurologic determination of death; DBD describes the donation pathway. | Muerte cerebral / Obtención tras muerte cerebral La muerte cerebral es la determinación clínica de la muerte por cese completo e irreversible de la función neurológica; DBD describe la vía de obtención. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| CDS | Clinical Donation Specialist OPO staff role focused on medical management of the donor and organ matching. | Especialista clínico en obtención Función del personal de la OPO centrada en el manejo médico del donante y la compatibilidad de órganos. | MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish* |
| CMS | Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Federal agency that designates and oversees OPOs. | Centros de Servicios de Medicare y Medicaid Agencia federal que designa y supervisa a las OPO. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| DCD | Donation after Circulatory Death (also: Cardiac Death) Donation pathway in which death is declared by circulatory criteria. Different protocols than DBD. | Obtención tras muerte circulatoria (también: muerte cardíaca) Vía de obtención en la que la muerte se declara por criterios circulatorios. Protocolos distintos a los de DBD. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| DSA | Designated Service Area The geographic region an OPO is federally authorized to serve. | Área de servicio designada La región geográfica que una OPO está autorizada a servir a nivel federal. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| FCS | Family Care Specialist OPO role leading family support and authorization conversation. Same function as FES; title varies by OPO. | Especialista en atención a la familia Función de la OPO que lidera el apoyo familiar y la conversación de autorización. Misma función que FES; el título varía según la OPO. | MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish* |
| FES | Family Engagement Specialist OPO staff member who leads the authorization conversation with the donor family. The interpreter’s primary speaker in most assignments. | Especialista en participación familiar Miembro del personal de la OPO que lidera la conversación de autorización con la familia del donante. El interlocutor principal del intérprete en la mayoría de las asignaciones. | MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish* |
| FPA | First Person Authorization A legally binding donor designation made by the individual during their lifetime. Family cannot override it in FPA states. | Autorización de donante en vida Designación de donante legalmente vinculante realizada por la persona en vida. La familia no puede anularla en los estados con legislación de FPA. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| FSC | Family Services Coordinator Another OPO title variant for the family-facing staff role. Same function as FES/FCS. | Coordinador de servicios a la familia Otra variante del cargo en la OPO para la función de atención a la familia. Misma función que FES/FCS. | MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish* |
| HHS | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Federal department with oversight authority over organ donation and transplantation policy. | Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE. UU. Departamento federal con autoridad de supervisión sobre la política de obtención y trasplante de órganos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| HLA | Human Leukocyte Antigens Genetic markers used in donor-recipient compatibility testing (tissue typing). | Antígenos leucocitarios humanos Marcadores genéticos utilizados en las pruebas de compatibilidad donante-receptor (tipificación tisular). | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| ICU | Intensive Care Unit Hospital unit where most potential organ donors are managed prior to donation. | Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Unidad hospitalaria donde se atiende a la mayoría de los posibles donantes de órganos antes de la obtención. | MedlinePlus en español (NLM) |
| LNOK | Legal Next-of-Kin Person(s) with legal authority to authorize donation if the deceased was not a registered donor. Hierarchy defined by state law. | Pariente más cercano con autoridad legal Persona(s) con autoridad legal para autorizar la obtención si el fallecido no estaba registrado como donante. La jerarquía está definida por la ley estatal. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| ME | Medical Examiner In cases subject to legal or forensic review, the ME must release jurisdiction before donation can proceed. | Médico forense En casos sujetos a revisión legal o forense, el médico forense debe liberar la jurisdicción antes de que pueda proceder la obtención. | MedlinePlus en español (NLM) |
| NOTA | National Organ Transplant Act Federal law (1984) establishing the OPTN and framework for OPOs. Outlawed the sale of human organs. | Ley Nacional de Trasplante de Órganos Ley federal (1984) que estableció la OPTN y el marco para las OPO. Prohibió la venta de órganos humanos. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| OPO | Organ Procurement Organization Federally designated non-profit organization responsible for coordinating deceased organ donation in a defined service area. | Organización de Obtención de Órganos Organización sin fines de lucro designada a nivel federal, responsable de coordinar la obtención de órganos de personas fallecidas en un área de servicio definida. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| OPTN | Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network National network managing organ matching and transplant policies, administered by UNOS under federal contract. | Red de Obtención y Trasplante de Órganos Red nacional que gestiona la compatibilidad de órganos y las políticas de trasplante, administrada por UNOS bajo contrato federal. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| PIC / POC | Person in Charge / Point of Contact Hospital staff member coordinating with the OPO at the facility level. | Persona a cargo / Punto de contacto Miembro del personal hospitalario que coordina con la OPO a nivel de la institución. | MasterWord / standard medical-legal Spanish* |
| SRTR | Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients Federal database tracking all solid organ transplants in the U.S.; used for OPO performance reporting. | Registro Científico de Receptores de Trasplantes Base de datos federal que registra todos los trasplantes de órganos sólidos en los EE. UU.; se utiliza para los informes de desempeño de las OPO. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
| UAGA | Uniform Anatomical Gift Act State-level law providing legal guidelines for organ donation, including the legally binding nature of donor designations and the LNOK hierarchy. | Ley Uniforme de Obtención Anatómica Ley a nivel estatal que establece las pautas legales para la obtención de órganos, incluida la naturaleza legalmente vinculante de las designaciones de donantes y la jerarquía del LNOK. | OPTN / HHS.gov (Spanish) |
| UNOS | United Network for Organ Sharing Private non-profit administering the OPTN under federal contract. Manages the national transplant waiting list. | Red Unida para el Intercambio de Órganos Organización privada sin fines de lucro que administra la OPTN bajo contrato federal. Gestiona la lista de espera nacional de trasplantes. | donaciondeorganos.gov (HRSA) |
A note on role titles: FES, FCS, and FSC all refer to the same family-facing OPO function. Different OPOs use different titles for the coordinator who leads the family authorization conversation and provides support. FES (Family Engagement Specialist) is the title used by LifeGift; other OPOs may use FCS (Family Care Specialist) or FSC (Family Services Coordinator). In all cases, this is your primary speaker during the consent conversation. If you are unsure of the correct title before an assignment, refer to your assignment details or ask an OPO representative during a pre-brief.
Trauma Informed
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| Trauma | الصدمة النفسية | Trauma | Traumatisme | Sang chấn | 創傷 |
| A deeply distressing or disturbing experience that overwhelms an individual’s ability to cope, often resulting in lasting adverse effects on functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being. | تجربة مزعجة أو مربكة للغاية تعوق إلى حد كبير قدرة الفرد على التأقلم، وغالبًا ما تؤدي إلى آثار سلبية دائمة على الأداء الوظيفي والرفاه العقلي أو الجسدي أو الاجتماعي أو العاطفي أو الروحي. | Una experiencia profundamente angustiosa o perturbadora que desborda la capacidad de una persona para hacer frente a la situación, y a menudo provoca efectos adversos duraderos en el funcionamiento y el bienestar mental, físico, social, emocional o espiritual. | Une expérience profondément pénible ou dérangeante qui dépasse la capacité d’un individu à y faire face, entraînant souvent des effets néfastes durables sur le fonctionnement et le bien-être mental, physique, social, émotionnel ou spirituel. | Một trải nghiệm gây đau buồn hoặc khó chịu tột độ, vượt quá khả năng ứng phó của một cá nhân, thường dẫn đến những tác động tiêu cực lâu dài đến chức năng và sức khỏe tâm thần, thể chất, xã hội, cảm xúc hoặc tinh thần. | 一種令人深感痛苦或不安的經歷，超出了個人所能應對的範疇，往往會對功能及心理、生理、社交、情緒或精神健康造成持久的不良影響。 |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) | تجارب الطفولة السلبية (ACEs) | Experiencias infantiles adversas (ACE, Adverse Childhood Experiences) | Expériences Défavorables durant l’Enfance (ACEs, pour son sigle en anglais) | Trải nghiệm Bất lợi Thời thơ ấu (ACEs) | 童年不良經驗 (ACE) |
| Potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years) such as experiencing violence, abuse, or neglect, witnessing violence in the home or community, or having a family member attempt or die by suicide. | أحداث من المحتمل أن تكون صادمة يمر بها الفرد في مرحلة الطفولة (0-17 سنة) مثل التعرض للعنف أو الإساءة أو الإهمال، أو مشاهدة العنف في المنزل أو المجتمع، أو محاولة أحد أفراد الأسرة الانتحار أو الوفاة عن طريق الانتحار. | Son eventos potencialmente traumáticos que ocurren en la infancia (0-17 años) como sufrir violencia, abusos o abandono, ser testigo de violencia en el hogar o en la comunidad, o que un miembro de la familia intente suicidarse o muera por suicidio. | Événements potentiellement traumatisants survenus pendant l’enfance (0-17 ans), tels que l’expérience de la violence, des abus ou de la négligence, le fait d’être témoin de violences à la maison ou dans la communauté, ou le fait qu’un membre de la famille ait tenté de se suicider ou soit décédé par suicide. | Những sự kiện gây sang chấn xảy ra trong thời thơ ấu (0-17 tuổi) như việc bị bạo lực, lạm dụng hoặc bỏ bê, chứng kiến bạo lực trong gia đình hoặc cộng đồng, hoặc có thành viên trong gia đình cố gắng tự tử hoặc qua đời do tự tử. | 在童年（0-17 歲）時期發生的潛在創傷事件，如經歷暴力、虐待或忽視，目睹家庭或社區中的暴力，或家庭成員試圖自殺或自殺身亡。 |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | اضطراب ما بعد الصدمة (PTSD) | Trastorno de estrés postraumático (PTSD, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) | Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (PTSD, pour son sigle en anglais) | Rối loạn Căng thẳng Sau Sang chấn (PTSD) | 創傷後壓力症候群 (PTSD) |
| A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event, characterized by symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. | حالة صحية عقلية يسببها التعرض لحدث مخيف أو مشاهدة حدث مخيف، وتتميز ببعض الأعراض مثل الومضات الارتجاعية (استرجاع الأحداث وذكريات الماضي) والكوابيس والقلق الشديد والأفكار الخارجة عن السيطرة حول الحدث المسبب لهذه الحالة. | Es un trastorno mental desencadenado por experimentar o presenciar de un suceso aterrador, caracterizado por síntomas como flashbacks, pesadillas, ansiedad grave y pensamientos incontrolables sobre el suceso. | Un état de santé mentale déclenché par l’expérience ou le témoignage d’un événement terrifiant, caractérisé par des symptômes tels que des flashbacks, des cauchemars, une anxiété sévère et des pensées incontrôlables à propos de l’événement. | Một tình trạng sức khỏe tâm thần xuất hiện sau khi trải qua hoặc chứng kiến một sự kiện đáng sợ, có các biểu hiện như hồi tưởng, mơ thấy ác mộng, lo âu tột độ và những suy nghĩ không ngừng về sự kiện đó. | 因經歷或目睹可怕事件而引發的心理健康狀況，其特徵包括回憶重現、惡夢、嚴重焦慮和對事件產生無法控制的想法等症狀。 |
| Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) | اضطراب ما بعد الصدمة المعقد (C-PTSD) | PTSD complejo (C-PTSD) | Trouble de stress post-traumatique complexe (C-PTSD, pour son sigle en anglais) | Rối loạn Căng thẳng Sau Sang chấn Phức tạp (C-PTSD) | 複雜性創傷後壓力症候群 (C-PTSD) |
| A condition that results from chronic or long-term exposure to emotional trauma over which a victim has little or no control and from which there is little or no hope of escape. | حالة ناتجة عن التعرض المزمن أو طويل الأمد لصدمة عاطفية خارجة عن سيطرة المصاب أو لا يملك المصاب السيطرة عليها ولا يوجد سوى أمل ضئيل في الهرب منها أو لا أمل مطلقًا في الهرب منها. | Es una afección provocada por la exposición crónica o a largo plazo a un trauma emocional sobre el que la víctima tiene poco o ningún control y del que hay poca o ninguna esperanza de escapar. | État résultant d’une exposition chronique ou à long terme à un traumatisme émotionnel sur lequel la victime n’a que peu ou pas de contrôle et dont elle n’a que peu ou pas d’espoir de s’échapper. | Một tình trạng xuất phát từ việc tiếp xúc lâu dài hoặc liên tục tổn thương cảm xúc mà nạn nhân có rất ít hoặc không thể kiểm soát, và hầu như không có hy vọng thoát khỏi. | 一種由於慢性或長期暴露於情感創傷而導致的病症，受害者幾乎或完全無法控制這種創傷，也幾乎或完全沒有逃離這種創傷的希望。 |
| Trauma-Informed Care | الرعاية المستنيرة للصدمات (TIC) | Atención informada sobre el trauma | Soins Tenant Compte des Traumatismes | Chăm sóc Dựa trên Hiểu biết về Sang chấn | 創傷知情照護 |
| An approach to engaging people with histories of trauma that recognizes the presence of trauma symptoms and acknowledges the role that trauma has played in their lives. | نهج رعاية يستهدف إشراك الأشخاص ممن لديهم تجارب معاناة من الصدمة ويراعي وجود أعراض الصدمة والدور الذي لعبته الصدمة في حياتهم. | Es un modelo para interactuar con las personas que tienen antecedentes de trauma que reconoce la presencia de los síntomas de trauma y el papel que el trauma ha desempeñado en sus vidas. | Une approche de l’engagement des personnes ayant subi des traumatismes, qui reconnaît la présence de symptômes de traumatisme et le rôle que le traumatisme a joué dans leur vie. | Một phương pháp tiếp cận trong việc tương tác với những người có tiền sử tổn thương tâm lý, nhận biết các triệu chứng sang chấn và công nhận tác động của tổn thương đó trong cuộc sống của họ. | 一種針對創傷經歷者的照護方法，讓他們認識到創傷症狀的存在，並承認創傷在其生活中所扮演的角色。 |
| Resilience | الصمود | Resiliencia | Résilience | Khả năng phục hồi | 復原力 |
| The ability to adapt well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress. | القدرة على التأقلم الجيد في مواجهة أي محنة، أو صدمة، أو حادث مأسوي، أو تهديد، أو أي مصادر ضغوط نفسية كبيرة. | Es la capacidad de adaptarse bien ante la adversidad, los traumas, las tragedias, las amenazas o las fuentes importantes de estrés. | Capacité à s’adapter à l’adversité, aux traumatismes, aux tragédies, aux menaces ou aux sources de stress importantes. | Khả năng thích ứng tốt khi đối mặt với nghịch cảnh, sang chấn, bi kịch, mối đe dọa, hoặc các yếu tố gây căng thẳng đáng kể. | 面對逆境、創傷、悲劇、威脅或重大壓力時，能夠良好適應的能力。 |
| Triggering | المحفز | Desencadenantes | Déclenchement | Khơi dậy tổn thương | 觸發 |
| Something that sets off a memory tape or flashback transporting the person back to the event of her/his original trauma. | العامل المسبب لاستثارة شريط الذكريات أو استرجاع الأحداث التي تُذكر الشخص بالحدث الذي يمثل مصدر الصدمة الأصلية. | Es algo que pone en marcha una cinta de memoria o flashback que transporta a la persona de vuelta al suceso de su trauma original. | Quelque chose qui déclenche une bande de mémoire ou un flashback transportant la personne vers l’événement de son traumatisme originel. | Một yếu tố nào đó làm khởi phát ký ức hoặc hồi tưởng, đưa người đó quay trở lại sự kiện sang chấn ban đầu. | 觸發記憶片段或回憶重現，將個人帶回原始創傷事件的事物。 |
| Dissociation | الانشقاق | Disociación | Dissociation | Sự tách biệt cảm xúc | 解離 |
| A coping mechanism used to disconnect from traumatic experiences, which can involve feeling detached from one’s body or surroundings. | إحدى آليات التأقلم التي يلجأ إليها الفرد للانفصال عن التجارب الصادمة، وقد تنطوي على الشعور بالانفصال عن الذات أو البيئة المحيطة بالفرد. | Es un mecanismo de afrontamiento utilizado para desconectar de las experiencias traumáticas, que puede implicar sentirse ajeno al propio cuerpo o al entorno. | Mécanisme d’adaptation utilisé pour se déconnecter des expériences traumatisantes, ce qui peut impliquer de se sentir détaché de son corps ou de son environnement. | Một cơ chế ứng phó để tránh tiếp xúc với những trải nghiệm sang chấn, có thể khiến người ta cảm thấy như tách biệt khỏi cơ thể hoặc môi trường xung quanh. | 一種用於脫離創傷經歷的應對機制，其中可能涉及與自己的身體或周圍環境分離的感覺。 |
| Hypervigilance | فرط اليقظة | Hipervigilancia | Hypervigilance | Cảnh giác cao độ | 過度警覺 |
| A state of increased alertness and sensitivity to one’s environment, often accompanied by a readiness to respond to potential threats. | حالة تتسم بفرط الحذر أو الحساسية تجاه البيئة المحيطة بالفرد، وغالبًا ما تكون مصحوبة بالتأهب للاستجابة لتهديدات محتملة. | Es un estado de mayor alerta y sensibilidad hacia el propio entorno, a menudo acompañado de una disposición a responder a amenazas potenciales. | Un état de vigilance et de sensibilité accrues à l’égard de l’environnement, souvent accompagné d’une volonté de répondre à des menaces potentielles. | Trạng thái tăng cường sự cảnh giác và nhạy cảm với môi trường xung quanh, thường đi kèm với sự sẵn sàng đối phó với các mối đe dọa tiềm ẩn. | 對環境的警覺性和敏感度增加的狀態，並常伴隨著隨時應對潛在威脅的準備。 |
| Somatic Symptoms | الأعراض الجسدية | Síntomas somáticos | Symptômes Somatiques | Các triệu chứng Bản thể | 體化症 |
| Physical manifestations of trauma, such as chronic pain, digestive issues, or other bodily discomforts that may not have an identifiable medical cause. | المظاهر الجسدية للصدمة، مثل الألم المزمن أو مشكلات الجهاز الهضمي أو غيرها من المتاعب الجسدية التي ربما لا يكون لها سبب طبي محدد. | Son manifestaciones físicas del trauma, como dolor crónico, problemas digestivos u otras molestias corporales que es posible que no tengan una causa médica identificable. | Les manifestations physiques du traumatisme, telles que les douleurs chroniques, les problèmes digestifs ou d’autres malaises corporels qui peuvent ne pas avoir de cause médicale identifiable. | Các dấu hiệu thể chất của sang chấn, bao gồm đau mạn tính, vấn đề về tiêu hóa, hoặc các khó chịu khác trong cơ thể mà có thể không tìm thấy nguyên nhân y khoa rõ ràng. | 創傷的生理表現，例如慢性疼痛、消化問題或其他可能沒有明確醫學原因的身體不適。 |
| Flashback | الومضة الارتجاعية | Flashback | Flashback | Hồi tưởng | 回憶重現 |
| A vivid, often negative memory that may feel as though the traumatic event is happening again in the present moment. | مشهد من الذاكرة الحية، غالبًا ما يكون سلبيًا وقد يُشعِر الفرد بالتعرض مجددًا للحدث الصادم وقت استرجاع هذا المشهد. | Es un recuerdo vívido, a menudo negativo, que puede sentirse como si el suceso traumático estuviera ocurriendo de nuevo en el momento presente. | Un souvenir vif, souvent négatif, qui peut donner l’impression que l’événement traumatique se reproduit au moment présent. | Một ký ức rõ nét, thường mang sắc thái tiêu cực, có thể khiến người trải nghiệm cảm thấy như sự kiện đau thương đang xảy ra lại trong thời điểm hiện tại. | 一段鮮明且常帶有負面情感的記憶，使人感覺彷彿創傷事件又在當下重現。 |
| Grounding Techniques | أساليب العودة للواقع | Técnicas de anclaje | Techniques d’Ancrage | Kỹ thuật Tập trung vào Hiện tại (Grounding Techniques) | 接地穩定技巧 |
| Strategies used to reconnect with the present moment and reduce anxiety or dissociation, often involving sensory awareness exercises. | استراتيجيات تُستخدَّم لاستعادة الوعي بالواقع الحالي والحد من القلق أو الانشقاق، وغالبًا ما تتضمن تمارين الوعي الحسي. | Son estrategias que se usan para volver a conectar con el momento presente y reducir la ansiedad o la disociación, que a menudo implican ejercicios de conciencia sensorial. | Stratégies utilisées pour se reconnecter au moment présent et réduire l’anxiété ou la dissociation, impliquant souvent des exercices de sensibilisation sensorielle. | Các chiến lược được sử dụng để kết nối lại với khoảnh khắc hiện tại và giảm lo âu hoặc sự tách biệt cảm xúc thường bao gồm các bài tập tăng cường nhận thức giác quan. | 用於重新連結當下並減少焦慮或解離的策略，常涉及感官意識的練習。 |
| Trauma Bond | الارتباط النفسي بالصدمة | Vínculo traumático | Lien traumatique | Gắn kết Đau thương | 創傷束縛 |
| A strong emotional attachment between a victim and their abuser, formed as a result of a cycle of abuse and positive reinforcement. | ارتباط عاطفي قوي بين الضحية والمعتدي عليه، وينشأ نتيجة التعرض لدورة من الإساءة والتعزيز الإيجابي. | Es un fuerte vínculo emocional entre una víctima y su maltratador, que se ha formado como resultado de un ciclo de maltrato y refuerzo positivo. | Un attachement émotionnel fort entre une victime et son agresseur, formé à la suite d’un cycle d’abus et de renforcement positif. | Một sự gắn kết cảm xúc mạnh mẽ giữa nạn nhân và kẻ lạm dụng, được hình thành từ một chu kỳ lạm dụng và sự củng cố tích cực. | 受虐者和施虐者之間強烈的情感依賴，因虐待和正向強化的循環而形成。 |
| Intergenerational Trauma | الصدمة المتوارثة عبر الأجيال | Trauma intergeneracional | Traumatisme Intergénérationnel | Sang chấn Liên thế hệ | 代際創傷 |
| Trauma that is passed down from one generation to the next through biological, environmental, and social factors. | صدمة نفسية تنتقل من جيل للجيل الذي يليه من خلال مجموعة من العوامل الحيوية والبيئية والاجتماعية. | Es el trauma que se transmite de una generación a otra a través de factores biológicos, medioambientales y sociales. | Traumatisme transmis d’une génération à l’autre par des facteurs biologiques, environnementaux et sociaux. | Sang chấn được truyền từ thế hệ này sang thế hệ khác thông qua các yếu tố sinh học, môi trường và xã hội. | 透過生物學、環境和社會因素跨世代相傳的創傷。 |
| Trauma-Informed Organization | المؤسسة المراعية للصدمات | Organización informada sobre el trauma | Organisation Tenant compte des traumatismes | Tổ chức Dựa trên Hiểu biết về Sang chấn | 創傷知情組織 |
| An organization that understands the widespread impact of trauma, recognizes signs and symptoms, responds by integrating knowledge about trauma into policies and practices, and seeks to actively resist re-traumatization. | مؤسسة تتفهم أثر الصدمة النفسية واسع النطاق، وتميز علاماتها وأعراضها، وتستجيب لها بدمج المعرفة بالصدمات النفسية في سياساتها وممارساتها، وتسعى إلى التصدي الفعال للتعرض مجددًا للصدمات النفسية. | Es una organización que comprende el impacto generalizado del trauma, reconoce los signos y síntomas, responde integrando los conocimientos sobre el trauma en las políticas y prácticas, y trata de resistirse activamente a la repetición del trauma. | Une organisation qui comprend l’impact généralisé des traumatismes, reconnaît les signes et les symptômes, réagit en intégrant les connaissances sur les traumatismes dans les politiques et les pratiques, et cherche à résister activement à la retraumatisation. | Một tổ chức nhận thức được tác động sâu rộng của sang chấn, xác định được các dấu hiệu và triệu chứng, phản ứng bằng cách tích hợp kiến thức về sang chấn vào chính sách và thực tiễn, đồng thời tìm cách chủ động chống lại việc tái sang chấn. | 一個理解創傷所帶來廣泛影響的組織，能識別徵象和症狀，並透過將創傷相關知識融入政策和實務操作來應對，積極防止再度造成創傷。 |
| Trauma-Informed Approach | النهج المستنير بالصدمات | Enfoque informado sobre el trauma | Approche Fondée sur les Traumatismes | Cách tiếp cận Dựa trên Hiểu biết về Sang chấn | 創傷知情導向 |
| A framework that involves understanding, recognizing, and responding to the effects of all types of trauma, emphasizing physical, psychological, and emotional safety for both providers and survivors. | إطار عمل يتضمن الإحاطة بآثار جميع أنواع الصدمات والتعرف عليها والاستجابة لها، مع التأكيد على السلامة الجسدية والنفسية والعاطفية لكل من مقدمي الخدمات والناجين. | Es un marco que implica comprender, reconocer y responder a los efectos de todos los tipos de trauma, haciendo hincapié en la seguridad física, psicológica y emocional tanto para los proveedores como para los sobrevivientes. | Un cadre qui implique la compréhension, la reconnaissance et la réponse aux effets de tous les types de traumatismes, en mettant l’accent sur la sécurité physique, psychologique et émotionnelle, tant pour les prestataires que pour les survivants. | Một khuôn khổ liên quan đến việc hiểu, nhận biết và ứng phó với những tác động của tất cả các loại sang chấn, nhấn mạnh sự an toàn về thể chất, tâm lý và cảm xúc cho cả nhà cung cấp và nạn nhân. | 一種理解、識別和應對所有類型創傷影響的框架，強調服務提供者與倖存者的生理、心理和情緒安全。 |
| Retraumatization | إعادة الصدمة | Retraumatización | Retraumatisation | Tái sang chấn | 再度創傷 |
| The triggering or reactivation of trauma symptoms through exposure to situations, interactions, or environments that remind the individual of past trauma. | تحفيز أعراض الصدمة أو إعادة تنشيطها بفعل التعرض لمواقف أو تفاعلات أو أجواء تُذكِّر الفرد بصدمة سبق أن تعرض لها. | Es el desencadenamiento o la reactivación de síntomas traumáticos a través de la exposición a situaciones, interacciones o entornos que le recuerdan al individuo traumas anteriores. | Le déclenchement ou la réactivation de symptômes de traumatisme par l’exposition à des situations, des interactions ou des environnements qui rappellent à l’individu un traumatisme passé. | Việc khơi dậy hoặc tái kích hoạt các triệu chứng sang chấn qua việc tiếp xúc với các tình huống, tương tác hoặc môi trường gợi nhớ cho người đó về sang chấn trong quá khứ. | 個人由於暴露在過去創傷的情境、互動或環境而觸發或再次引發創傷症狀。 |
| Vicarious Trauma | الصدمة غير المباشرة | Trauma vicario | Trauma Vicariant | Sang chấn Gián tiếp | 替代性創傷 |
| The emotional residue or strain of exposure to working with those suffering from the consequences of traumatic events. It can affect professionals in mental health fields, emergency services, and others who work closely with trauma survivors. | الرواسب العاطفية أو الإجهاد العاطفي الناجم عن التعرض للعمل مع من يعانون من عواقب أحداث صادمة. قد تؤثر على المهنيين العاملين في مجال الصحة النفسية وخدمات الطوارئ وغيرهم ممن يعملون عن قرب مع الناجين من الصدمات. | Es el residuo emocional o el estrés por la exposición a trabajar con personas que sufren las consecuencias de sucesos traumáticos. Puede afectar a los profesionales de la salud mental, los servicios de emergencia y otras personas que trabajan de cerca con sobrevivientes de traumas. | Le résidu émotionnel ou la tension liée à l’exposition au travail avec des personnes souffrant des conséquences d’événements traumatisants. Elle peut affecter les professionnels de la santé mentale, les services d’urgence et d’autres personnes qui travaillent en étroite collaboration avec les victimes de traumatismes. | Cảm xúc còn sót lại hoặc căng thẳng khi phải làm việc với những người đang phải chịu hậu quả của các sự kiện sang chấn. Tình trạng này có thể ảnh hưởng đến các chuyên gia trong các lĩnh vực sức khỏe tâm thần, dịch vụ khẩn cấp và những người khác làm việc chặt chẽ với những nạn nhân sang chấn. | 因接觸受創傷事件後遺症影響的人而產生的情緒殘餘或壓力。它可能影響心理健康領域、急救服務領域的專業人員，以及其他與創傷倖存者密切合作的人員。 |
| Trauma-Sensitive Schools | المدارس المراعية للصدمات النفسية | Escuelas sensibles al trauma | Écoles Sensibles aux Traumatismes | Trường học Nhạy cảm với Sang chấn | 創傷敏感學校 |
| Educational environments that recognize the impact of traumatic stress on children and provide support to students through trauma-informed practices and policies. | البيئات التعليمية التي تقدر تأثير الصدمة النفسية على الأطفال وتقدم الدعم للطلاب بتطبيق الممارسات والسياسات الواعية بالصدمات النفسية. | Son entornos educativos que reconocen el impacto del estrés traumático en los menores y brindan apoyo a los alumnos mediante prácticas y políticas informadas sobre el trauma. | Des environnements éducatifs qui reconnaissent l’impact du stress traumatique sur les enfants et apportent un soutien aux élèves par le biais de pratiques et de politiques tenant compte des traumatismes. | Môi trường giáo dục nhận thức được tác động của căng thẳng do sang chấn đối với trẻ em và cung cấp hỗ trợ cho học sinh thông qua các viện pháp thực hành và chính sách dựa trên hiểu biết về sang chấn. | 認同創傷性壓力對兒童造成影響的教育環境，並透過創傷相關的實務操作和政策為學生提供支持。 |
| Window of Tolerance | نافذة التحمل | Margen de tolerancia | Fenêtre de Tolérance | Cửa sổ Chấp nhận | 身心容納之窗 |
| A term used to describe the zone of arousal in which a person is able to function most effectively. When we are within our window of tolerance, we are able to readily receive, process, and integrate information and respond to the demands of everyday life. | مصطلح يُستخدَّم للإشارة إلى منطقة الاستثارة التي يستطيع الشخص فيها العمل بأقصى قدر من الكفاءة. عند وجودنا في نطاق نافذة التحمل الخاصة بنا، نكون قادرين على تلقي المعلومات ومعالجتها ودمجها بسهولة والاستجابة لمتطلبات الحياة اليومية. | Es un término utilizado para describir la zona de activación en la que una persona es capaz de funcionar con mayor eficacia. Cuando nos encontramos dentro de nuestro margen de tolerancia, somos capaces de recibir, procesar e integrar fácilmente la información y responder a las exigencias de la vida cotidiana. | Terme utilisé pour décrire la zone d’éveil dans laquelle une personne est capable de fonctionner le plus efficacement. Lorsque nous nous trouvons dans notre fenêtre de tolérance, nous sommes en mesure de recevoir, de traiter et d’intégrer facilement les informations et de répondre aux exigences de la vie quotidienne. | Một thuật ngữ được sử dụng để chỉ vùng kích thích mà trong đó một người có khả năng hoạt động tốt nhất. Khi ở trong cửa sổ chấp nhận (window of tolerance), chúng ta có thể tiếp nhận, xử lý và kết hợp thông tin một cách thuận lợi, cũng như đáp ứng với những đòi hỏi của cuộc sống hàng ngày. | 此術語用於描述個人能夠最有效地發揮作用的覺醒區域。當我們處於我們的身心容納之窗範圍時，我們能夠很好地接收、處理和整合訊息，並對日常生活的需求做出反應。 |
| Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) | العلاج السلوكي المعرفي المركّز على الصدمات (TF-CBT) | Terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma (TF-CBT, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) | Thérapie Cognitivo-Comportementale Axée sur le Trauma (TF-CBT, pour son sigle en anglais) | Liệu pháp Nhận thức Hành vi Tập trung vào Sang chấn (TF-CBT) | 創傷聚焦認知行為治療法 (TF-CBT) |
| A specific type of cognitive behavioral therapy that addresses the unique needs of children with PTSD symptoms, depression, behavior problems, and other difficulties related to traumatic life experiences. | أحد أنواع العلاج السلوكي المعرفي المحددة يستهدف معالجة الاحتياجات الفريدة للأطفال الذين يعانون من أعراض اضطراب ما بعد الصدمة، والاكتئاب، والمشكلات السلوكية، وغيرها من الصعوبات المتعلقة بتجارب الحياة الصادمة. | Es un tipo específico de terapia cognitivo-conductual que aborda las necesidades únicas de los niños con síntomas de PTSD, depresión, problemas de conducta y otras dificultades relacionadas con experiencias vitales traumáticas. | Un type spécifique de thérapie cognitivo-comportementale qui répond aux besoins spécifiques des enfants présentant des symptômes de stress post-traumatique, de dépression, de problèmes de comportement et d’autres difficultés liées à des expériences de vie traumatisantes. | Một loại liệu pháp nhận thức hành vi cụ thể nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu đặc thù của trẻ em có triệu chứng PTSD, trầm cảm, các vấn đề về hành vi và những khó khăn khác liên quan đến trải nghiệm sang chấn trong cuộc sống. | 一種特定類型的認知行為療法，可滿足有創傷後壓力症候群症狀、憂鬱、行為問題，以及其他創傷性生活經歷相關困難的兒童的獨特需求。 |
| Neurobiology of Trauma | البيولوجيا العصبية للصدمة | Neurobiología del trauma | Neurobiologie du Traumatisme | Sinh học thần kinh về Sang chấn | 創傷神經生物學 |
| The study of how trauma affects brain structure, function, and development, including changes in the stress-response system and memory processing. | دراسة كيفية تأثير الصدمة على بنية الدماغ ووظائفه ونموه، بما في ذلك أي تغيرات في نظام الاستجابة للضغوط ومعالجة الذاكرة. | Es el estudio de cómo el trauma afecta a la estructura, la función y el desarrollo del cerebro, incluidos los cambios en el sistema de respuesta al estrés y el procesamiento de la memoria. | L’étude de la façon dont les traumatismes affectent la structure, le fonctionnement et le développement du cerveau, y compris les changements dans le système de réponse au stress et le traitement de la mémoire. | Nghiên cứu về cách sang chấn ảnh hưởng đến cấu trúc, chức năng và sự phát triển của não bộ, bao gồm cả sự thay đổi trong hệ thống phản ứng căng thẳng và quá trình ghi nhớ. | 研究創傷如何影響大腦結構、功能和發展，包括壓力反應系統和記憶處理的變化。 |
| Trauma-Informed Leadership | القيادة المستنيرة بالصدمات النفسية | Liderazgo informado sobre el trauma | Leadership Fondé sur les Traumatismes | Lãnh đạo Dựa trên Hiểu biết về Sang chấn | 創傷知情領導力 |
| A style of organizational leadership that integrates knowledge about trauma into all aspects of leadership, including policy-making, program development, and day-to-day management. | أسلوب قيادة مؤسسية يراعي دمج المعرفة بالصدمات النفسية في جميع جوانب القيادة، بما في ذلك وضع السياسات وتطوير البرامج والإدارة اليومية. | Es un estilo de liderazgo organizativo que integra el conocimiento sobre el trauma en todos los aspectos del liderazgo, como la elaboración de políticas, el desarrollo de programas y la gestión diaria. | Un style de leadership organisationnel qui intègre la connaissance des traumatismes dans tous les aspects du leadership, y compris l’élaboration de politiques, le développement de programmes et la gestion quotidienne. | Một phong cách lãnh đạo tổ chức kết hợp kiến thức về sang chấn vào tất cả các khía cạnh của lãnh đạo, bao gồm việc xây dựng chính sách, phát triển chương trình và quản lý hàng ngày. | 一種將創傷知識融入領導各個層面的組織領導風格，包括政策制定、計畫開發和日常管理。 |
| Adverse Community Environments (ACEs) | البيئات المجتمعية السلبية (ACEs) | Entornos comunitarios adversos (ACE, Adverse Community Environments) | Environnements Communautaires Défavorables (ACEs, pour son sigle en anglais) | Môi trường Cộng đồng Bất lợi (ACEs) | 不良的社區環境 (ACE) |
| The community-level equivalent of Adverse Childhood Experiences, referring to environments marked by poverty, discrimination, community disruption, lack of economic opportunities, and poor housing quality. | مكافئ تجارب الطفولة السلبية على مستوى المجتمع المحلي، وتشير إلى البيئات التي تتسم بالفقر والتمييز والاضطراب المجتمعي وانعدام الفرص الاقتصادية وتدني نوعية السكن. | El equivalente a nivel comunitario de las experiencias infantiles adversas, que se refiere a entornos marcados por la pobreza, la discriminación, las alteraciones en la comunidad, la falta de oportunidades económicas y la mala calidad de la vivienda. | L’équivalent au niveau communautaire des expériences négatives de l’enfance, se référant à des environnements marqués par la pauvreté, la discrimination, la perturbation de la communauté, le manque d’opportunités économiques et la mauvaise qualité du logement. | Tương đương ở cấp độ cộng đồng với Trải nghiệm Bất lợi Thời thơ ấu, chỉ những môi trường có đặc điểm là nghèo đói, phân biệt đối xử, gián đoạn cộng đồng, thiếu cơ hội kinh tế và chất lượng nhà ở kém. | 與「童年不良經驗」相對應的社區層面環境，包含貧困、歧視、社區混亂、經濟機會缺乏和住房品質不佳等特徵。 |
| Trauma Stewardship | الرعاية الشاملة المرتبطة بالصدمات النفسية | Gestión del trauma | Gestion du Trauma | Quản lý Sang chấn | 創傷管理 |
| The practice of caring for oneself while caring for others and their trauma, often used in the context of professionals working with trauma survivors. | ممارسة العناية بالنفس أثناء تقديم الرعاية للآخرين ومعالجة صدماتهم النفسية، وغالبًا ما يُستخدَّم هذا المصطلح في سياق أعمال المهنيين المتعاملين مع الناجين من الصدمات النفسية. | Es la práctica de cuidar de uno mismo mientras se cuida de los demás y de su trauma, a menudo utilizada en el contexto de los profesionales que trabajan con sobrevivientes de traumas. | La pratique consistant à prendre soin de soi tout en prenant soin des autres et de leurs traumatismes, souvent utilisée dans le contexte des professionnels travaillant avec des survivants de traumatismes. | Thực hành chăm sóc bản thân trong khi chăm sóc những người khác và các sang chấn của họ, thường được sử dụng trong bối cảnh các chuyên gia làm việc với những nạn nhân sau sang chấn. | 在照顧他人及其創傷的同時兼顧自我照護的實務做法，常用於照顧創傷倖存者的專業人員。 |