| Term (EN / ES) | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | ||
| 504 Plan Plan 504 |
The 504 Plan is a plan developed to ensure that a child who has a disability identified under the Rehabilitation Act and is attending an elementary or secondary educational institution receives accommodations that will ensure their academic success and access to the learning environment. These accommodations and modifications must ensure that there is no discrimination because of the child’s disability. | specialeducationguide.com |
| A | ||
| AAC Device (Augmentative and Alternative Communication Device) dispositivo de comunicación aumentativa y alternativa |
AAC includes all forms of communication (other than oral speech) that are used to express thoughts, needs, wants, and ideas. An AAC device is a tool that uses a non-speech mode of communication to augment spoken language. AAC devices include electronic devices that digitize or synthesize speech and non-electronic communication aids such as manual communication boards. | asha.org |
| abdominal strength and endurance fuerza y resistencia del músculo abdominal |
The physical fitness component measuring the strength and endurance of abdominal muscles, assessed as part of California’s Physical Fitness Test. | cde.ca.gov |
| ability habilidad; capacidad |
A student’s capacity to perform tasks; used broadly to describe cognitive, physical, or academic capability. | cde.ca.gov |
| abnormality anormalidad |
A condition that deviates from what is considered typical in development or functioning. | cde.ca.gov |
| above average superior al nivel promedio |
Performance that exceeds the typical or expected level for a student’s age or grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| absence ausencia; falta |
A student’s failure to attend school; may be excused or unexcused. | cde.ca.gov |
| abstract reasoning razonamiento abstracto |
The ability to think about objects or ideas not physically present; a component of cognitive ability testing. | cde.ca.gov |
| academic achievement rendimiento académico; logro académico |
The extent to which a student has attained educational goals; measured by grades, test scores, and assessments. | cde.ca.gov |
| academic achievement goals metas de rendimientos académicos |
Specific, measurable targets set for student learning and performance outcomes. | cde.ca.gov |
| academic calendar calendario académico |
The schedule of instructional days, holidays, and events for a school year. | cde.ca.gov |
| Academic Intervention intervención académica |
Targeted, evidence-based instruction for students who are struggling academically, often within an RTI/MTSS framework. | ldaamerica.org |
| academic standards normas académicas |
Statements that define what students are expected to know and be able to do at each grade level in each subject. | cde.ca.gov |
| accelerated courses cursos acelerados |
Classes that cover content at a faster pace or higher level than standard courses, designed for advanced learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| accessibility resources recursos de accesibilidad |
Tools, supports, and accommodations that help all students access assessments and instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| accommodations adaptaciones; acomodaciónes |
Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners’ weaknesses without modifying the curriculum. Students receiving accommodations read the same material and take the same tests as their peers without disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| accountability rendición de cuentas; responsabilidad |
The system by which schools, districts, and states are held responsible for student academic performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| achievement gap brecha del rendimiento académico |
The persistent disparity in academic performance or attainment between different groups of students. | ldaamerica.org |
| achievement level nivel de rendimiento; nivel de desempeño |
A defined performance category indicating where a student’s score falls on a standardized assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| achievement test prueba de rendimiento académicos |
A standardized test designed to measure a student’s knowledge and skills in a specific subject area. | cde.ca.gov |
| acquisition adquisición |
The process by which students gain knowledge, skills, or language through instruction or experience. | cde.ca.gov |
| acquisition deficit déficit de adquisición |
A type of social skills deficit that stems from a lack of knowledge: a child does not understand a skill, and thus cannot master it. | specialeducationguide.com |
| action plan plan de acción |
A document outlining specific steps, responsibilities, and timelines to achieve a goal. | cde.ca.gov |
| active learning aprendizaje activo |
An instructional approach in which students engage directly with material through activities and problem-solving. | cde.ca.gov |
| adaptations adaptaciones; ajustes curriculares |
Changes in educational environments that allow students with disabilities to participate in inclusive environments by compensating for learners’ weaknesses. | specialeducationguide.com |
| adaptive behavior conducta adaptativa |
The collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills people use in everyday life; a factor in evaluating intellectual disability. | cde.ca.gov |
| adaptive skills habilidades de adaptación |
Practical, social, and conceptual skills used in daily life; assessed when determining eligibility for intellectual disability services. | cde.ca.gov |
| adequate progress indicators indicadores de progreso adecuado |
Measures used to determine whether students and schools are meeting expected levels of academic growth. | cde.ca.gov |
| adjustment ajuste |
Changes made to a student’s environment or program to better meet their needs. | cde.ca.gov |
| administer, to aplicar; administrar |
To give or deliver an assessment according to established procedures. | cde.ca.gov |
| administration administración |
The management and oversight of a school or district. | cde.ca.gov |
| administrator administrador/a |
A school or district leader responsible for management and oversight. | cde.ca.gov |
| adolescence adolescencia |
The developmental period between childhood and adulthood, generally ages 12–18. | cde.ca.gov |
| adult education educación de adultos |
Educational programs designed for learners beyond traditional school age. | cde.ca.gov |
| advanced performance level nivel avanzado |
The highest achievement level on California state assessments, indicating a student has exceeded grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| advanced students estudiantes avanzados |
Students performing above grade-level expectations in one or more subject areas. | cde.ca.gov |
| advisory committee comité asesor |
A group of stakeholders that provides guidance and recommendations to a school, district, or agency. | cde.ca.gov |
| Advocate defensor/a; representante |
A person who speaks or acts on behalf of a student with a disability to ensure appropriate services are received. | specialeducationguide.com |
| aerobic capacity capacidad aeróbica |
A measure of cardiovascular fitness; the ability of the heart, lungs, and muscles to sustain prolonged exercise. | cde.ca.gov |
| age-appropriate educational environments entornos educativos apropiados para la edad del niño |
Settings and activities that match the developmental and social expectations for a child’s chronological age. | cde.ca.gov |
| alternate assessment prueba alterna |
An assessment for students with the most significant cognitive disabilities who cannot participate in the standard state assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| alternative assessment prueba alternativa |
A non-traditional assessment approach such as portfolios or performance tasks, used instead of or alongside standardized tests. | cde.ca.gov |
| annual assessment prueba anual |
A standardized test administered once per year to measure student academic performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| assessment evaluación; prueba; examen |
Evaluations ranging from teacher observations to standardized tests used to identify a student’s strengths, weaknesses, and progress. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| assessment plan plan de evaluación |
A written description of the assessments that will be used to evaluate a student’s strengths, weaknesses and progress and to determine his or her eligibility for special education services and the types of services that would help that student succeed. In some states the school district is given 15 days to decide which testing services will be used and put that into a plan, while in other states the time frame is not defined. However, IDEA gives only 60 days to complete an evaluation from the time a parent gives permission. | specialeducationguide.com |
| assessment window lapso de evaluación |
The designated period during which a specific assessment may be administered. | cde.ca.gov |
| at-risk students estudiantes en riesgo del fracaso escolar |
Students more likely to fail or drop out due to factors such as poverty, language barriers, or disability. | cde.ca.gov |
| attendance asistencia |
The act of being present at school; a key measure of student engagement. | cde.ca.gov |
| attendance rate tasa de asistencia escolar |
The percentage of school days a student or group attends school. | cde.ca.gov |
| B | ||
| Back-Saver Sit and Reach Test Prueba de extensión del tronco |
A physical fitness test measuring flexibility of the lower back and hamstring muscles. | cde.ca.gov |
| balance equilibrio |
The ability to maintain bodily equilibrium during static and dynamic activities. | cde.ca.gov |
| baseline data datos iniciales |
Initial data collected before an intervention begins, used as a reference point to measure change. | cde.ca.gov |
| basic performance level nivel básico de rendimiento |
An achievement level indicating partial understanding of grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| basic sight words palabras básicas reconocibles de vista |
High-frequency words students are expected to recognize immediately without decoding. | cde.ca.gov |
| basic skills habilidades básicas |
Foundational academic competencies in reading, writing, and mathematics necessary for further learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| behavior conducta; comportamiento |
The observable actions or reactions of a student in an educational setting. | cde.ca.gov |
| behavior disorder trastorno del comportamiento |
A pattern of disruptive or inappropriate behaviors that interferes with a student’s learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| Behavior Management manejo de la conducta; manejo conductual; manejo del comportamiento; gestión del comportamiento |
Responding to, preventing, and de-escalating disruptive behavior in an educational setting. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| behavioral objective objetivo del comportamiento |
A clearly stated, measurable description of what a student will be able to do after instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| below average por debajo del promedio |
Performance lower than the typical level for a student’s age or grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| below basic performance level por debajo del nivel básico |
The lowest achievement level, indicating a student has not demonstrated foundational skills at grade level. | cde.ca.gov |
| below expectations por debajo de las expectativas |
Performance that does not meet the anticipated level for a student’s grade or age. | cde.ca.gov |
| below standard por debajo de las normas |
Performance that does not meet established academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| benchmark punto de referencia |
A standard or point of reference used to evaluate student performance or measure progress. | cde.ca.gov |
| benchmark test prueba de referencia; examen de referencia |
An assessment administered at regular intervals to measure student progress toward meeting standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual assessment evaluación bilingüe |
An evaluation of a student’s skills conducted in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual education educación bilingüe |
An instructional program in which academic content is taught in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual educational aide auxiliar educativo/a bilingüe |
A paraprofessional who supports instruction in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bilingual immersion program Programa de inmersión bilingüe |
An educational program in which students develop proficiency in two languages through instruction in both. | cde.ca.gov |
| biliteracy lectoescritura en dos idiomas |
The ability to read and write proficiently in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| biliterate que domina la lectoescritura en dos idiomas |
Describing a person who has attained reading and writing proficiency in two languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| bipartisan bipartidista |
Involving cooperation or agreement between two political parties. | cde.ca.gov |
| birth certificate acta de nacimiento; partida de nacimiento |
Official document recording the birth of a child, often required for school enrollment. | cde.ca.gov |
| birth date fecha de nacimiento |
The date on which a person was born; required for school enrollment records. | cde.ca.gov |
| board meeting reunión del consejo |
A formal gathering of the governing board of a school district to conduct official business. | cde.ca.gov |
| board of directors consejo directivo |
The governing body responsible for policy and oversight of an organization. | cde.ca.gov |
| board of education Consejo de educación |
The governing body responsible for policy and oversight of a school district. | cde.ca.gov |
| body composition composición corporal |
The proportion of fat and non-fat mass in the body; a component of physical fitness assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| booklet (test booklet) cuadernillo (de prueba) |
A printed document containing the questions or prompts for a standardized test. | cde.ca.gov |
| bridging proficiency level nivel de enlace |
The highest level of English language proficiency on California’s ELD continuum, indicating near-native fluency. | cde.ca.gov |
| broadly literate ampliamente instruido |
Having a wide range of literacy skills across multiple subjects and disciplines. | cde.ca.gov |
| budget allocations asignaciones del presupuesto |
The distribution of funds to different programs, departments, or schools within a district. | cde.ca.gov |
| budget shortfall insuficiencia del presupuesto |
A deficit occurring when available funds are insufficient to cover planned expenses. | cde.ca.gov |
| C | ||
| California English Language Development Standards Normas para el desarrollo de inglés en California |
Standards defining the progression of English language proficiency for English learners in California. | cde.ca.gov |
| California Preschool Learning Foundations Fundamentos del aprendizaje preescolar en California |
Documents that describe the knowledge and skills children typically develop in preschool programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| California School Dashboard Tablero de información escolar de California |
An online tool showing how California schools and districts are performing on state and local measures. | cde.ca.gov |
| California State Board of Education Mesa Directiva Estatal de Educación de California |
The governing body setting policy for California’s public schools, including standards and curriculum frameworks. | cde.ca.gov |
| campus plantel escolar |
The physical grounds and buildings of a school. | cde.ca.gov |
| cap and gown toga y birrete |
The traditional academic dress worn at graduation ceremonies. | cde.ca.gov |
| career pathway trayectoria de una carerra universitaria o profesional |
A sequence of related courses and experiences leading to a specific career or field of study. | cde.ca.gov |
| categorical programs programas categóricos |
Federally or state-funded programs targeting specific student groups or needs. | cde.ca.gov |
| certificate of proficiency Certificado de aptitud académica |
A document certifying that a student has demonstrated mastery of required academic competencies. | cde.ca.gov |
| charter school escuela de convenio |
A publicly funded school that operates independently under a contract with a school district or authorizing agency. | cde.ca.gov |
| child niño/a; menor de edad |
A person under the age of 18; in educational contexts, refers to school-age students. | cde.ca.gov |
| child advocate defensor/a de menores de edad |
A person who acts in the best interests of a child, particularly regarding educational and social services. | cde.ca.gov |
| child development program Programa para el desarrollo infantil |
An early education program focused on supporting children’s cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development. | cde.ca.gov |
| Child Find Program programa para identificar niños con discapacidades |
A program, mandated by IDEA, that continuously searches for and evaluates children who may have a disability. Child Find Programs can vary widely from school district to school district. | specialeducationguide.com |
| child with a disability niño/a con discapacidad |
Under IDEA, a child evaluated as having one or more of the 13 disability categories who needs special education and related services. | ldaamerica.org |
| childhood development desarrollo infantil |
The process of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth from birth through adolescence. | cde.ca.gov |
| children with disabilities niños/as con discapacidades |
Students identified as having one or more disabilities under IDEA requiring special education services. | cde.ca.gov |
| class size reduction reducción de la proporción de estudiantes por maestro |
A policy lowering the number of students per classroom to improve instructional quality. | cde.ca.gov |
| classroom salón; aula |
The room or space where instruction takes place. | cde.ca.gov |
| classroom management manejo del salón de clases; manejo del aula |
The approach to arranging a class, encompassing lesson planning, routines, procedures, interactions, and discipline. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| collaborative teaching enseñanza en equipo colaborativo; coenseñanza |
A teaching strategy in which two or more teachers work together, sharing responsibilities to help all students succeed in the classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| college and career readiness preparación para la universidad y el trabajo |
The knowledge, skills, and behaviors students need to succeed in entry-level college courses or workforce training. | cde.ca.gov |
| community college universidad pública de dos años |
A two-year public institution offering associate degrees, certificates, and transfer preparation. | cde.ca.gov |
| community schools escuelas comunitarias |
Schools that serve as community hubs by providing a range of services for students, families, and communities. | cde.ca.gov |
| compensatory education educación compensatoria |
Educational services provided as compensation for a period during which a student was denied FAPE. | ldaamerica.org |
| competency capacidad; aptitud |
The ability to perform a task or demonstrate knowledge at an expected level of proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| compliance cumplimiento; conformidad; acatamiento |
Adherence to federal, state, and local laws and policies governing education. | cde.ca.gov |
| compliance review evaluación del cumplimiento con los reglamentos |
An evaluation to determine whether a school or district is adhering to applicable laws and regulations. | cde.ca.gov |
| computer literacy habilidades y conocimientos fundamentales en la computación |
The ability to use computers and related technology effectively. | cde.ca.gov |
| computer-based testing prueba administrada a través de una computadora |
Administration of assessments via computer rather than paper and pencil. | cde.ca.gov |
| constructed-response question pregunta que requiere una respuesta escrita |
A test question requiring students to produce a written answer rather than select from options. | cde.ca.gov |
| content knowledge conocimiento académico |
The understanding of facts, concepts, and principles within a specific academic subject area. | cde.ca.gov |
| content standards normas de contenido académico |
Statements defining what students should know and be able to do in a particular subject at each grade level. | cde.ca.gov |
| continuity of learning continuidad de aprendizaje |
The maintenance of consistent educational experiences and progress for students across disruptions. | cde.ca.gov |
| cooperative learning aprendizaje cooperativo |
An instructional strategy in which students work in small groups to achieve shared learning goals. | cde.ca.gov |
| core curriculum currículo fundamental |
The set of fundamental academic subjects required of all students. | cde.ca.gov |
| core subjects materias fundamentales |
The primary academic disciplines required of all students, typically ELA, math, science, and social studies. | cde.ca.gov |
| counselor consejero/a |
A school professional who supports students’ academic, social-emotional, and career development. | cde.ca.gov |
| country of origin país de origen; país de procedencia |
The country in which a student or family was born or from which they emigrated. | cde.ca.gov |
| credential credencial |
A state-issued certificate authorizing an individual to teach or serve in a specific educational role. | cde.ca.gov |
| credit recovery recuperación de créditos |
A program allowing students to retake failed courses or demonstrate mastery to earn missing credits. | cde.ca.gov |
| criterion-referenced test prueba basada en objetivos específicos |
A test measuring student performance against a fixed set of criteria or standards rather than against peers. | cde.ca.gov |
| critical thinking razonamiento crítico; razonamiento analítico |
The ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to form reasoned judgments. | cde.ca.gov |
| curriculum currículo; plan de estudios |
The subjects and course content taught in a school or program. | cde.ca.gov |
| curriculum-based assessments evaluaciones basadas en el currículo |
Evaluations measuring student performance directly tied to classroom content. | cde.ca.gov |
| cut point / cut score puntaje mínimo; puntaje límite |
Scores on screening tools, usually selected by a school district, that are used to determine whether or not a student needs additional testing or intervention. | specialeducationguide.com |
| D | ||
| data-based decisions decisiones basadas en datos; decisiones basadas en información |
A component of the RTI process that involves using information collected through the screening process to determine the intensity and duration of the needed intervention. | specialeducationguide.com |
| day-care center guardería |
A facility providing care and supervision for young children during the day. | cde.ca.gov |
| deafness sordera |
A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification. | specialeducationguide.com |
| depth of knowledge profundidad del conocimiento |
A framework describing the complexity of thinking required to respond to a question or task. | cde.ca.gov |
| designated English language development desarrollo de inglés designado |
Protected instructional time using California’s ELD standards to develop English language skills of English learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| Developmental and Social History historia del desarrollo y social |
A narrative assessment formulated by a child’s classroom teacher, parents, pediatrician and school specialists, focusing on issues such as the child’s health history, developmental milestones, genetic factors, friendships, family relationships, hobbies, behavioral issues and academic performance. A developmental and social history is a common element of an assessment plan. | specialeducationguide.com |
| developmental bilingual program programa formativo bilingüe |
A bilingual education model aimed at developing full proficiency in both the student’s home language and English. | cde.ca.gov |
| Developmental Disability discapacidad del desarrollo |
A severe, chronic disability from mental and/or physical impairments manifesting before age 22, resulting in substantial limitations in major life activities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Developmental Milestones hitos del desarrollo |
A set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range. | med.umich.edu |
| diagnostic assessment evaluación diagnóstica |
An evaluation used to identify a student’s specific strengths and areas of need. | cde.ca.gov |
| differentiated instruction instrucción diferenciada |
A teaching approach that tailors instruction to students’ different learning needs, interests, or readiness levels. | cde.ca.gov |
| Direct Assessment evaluación directa |
A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves recording objective information about a student’s disruptive behavior. This can entail using a scatter plot form to show the behavior’s frequency and time of day, as well as using an antecedent-behavioral-consequences chart (ABC). | specialeducationguide.com |
| disabilities discapacidades |
Physical, cognitive, sensory, or other impairments that may affect a student’s ability to learn. | cde.ca.gov |
| Discrepancy Model modelo de discrepancia |
A method identifying students with learning disabilities by measuring the gap between intellectual ability and academic achievement. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Disproportionality desproporcionalidad; representación desigual |
The over- or under-representation of racial, ethnic, or linguistic minority students in special education programs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| distance learning aprendizaje a distancia |
An instructional model in which students receive education remotely, typically via online platforms. | cde.ca.gov |
| domain campo; dominio; ámbito |
A broad area of academic knowledge or skill. | cde.ca.gov |
| Down Syndrome síndrome de Down |
A chromosomal condition caused by an extra 21st chromosome, often characterized by intellectual disability and certain physical features. | specialeducationguide.com |
| draft borrador |
A preliminary version of a written document. | cde.ca.gov |
| dress code código de vestir; reglamento de vestimenta |
School rules governing appropriate student attire. | cde.ca.gov |
| dropout estudiante que abandona los estudios |
A student who leaves school before earning a diploma. | cde.ca.gov |
| dropout rate tasa de abandono escolar |
The percentage of students who leave school without completing their education. | cde.ca.gov |
| dual language development desarrollo de dos idiomas |
The process of acquiring proficiency in two languages simultaneously or sequentially. | cde.ca.gov |
| dual language immersion inmersión dual; doble inmersión |
A bilingual model in which students develop proficiency in two languages through instruction in both. | cde.ca.gov |
| Dyscalculia discalculia |
A specific learning disability affecting the ability to understand numbers and learn math facts. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Dysgraphia disgrafía |
A specific learning disability affecting written expression including handwriting, spelling, and composing written text. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Dyslexia dislexia |
A specific learning disability affecting reading fluency, decoding, and spelling through difficulties with phonological processing. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Dyspraxia dispraxia |
A developmental coordination disorder affecting physical coordination and making everyday tasks difficult. | specialeducationguide.com |
| E | ||
| early advanced performance level nivel de rendimiento avanzado inicial |
An achievement level on California’s ELD scale indicating high but not yet full English proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| early childhood education educación en la primera infancia |
Educational programs for children from birth through age 8 focusing on development and early learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| early intervention intervención temprana |
Services and supports provided to children birth to age 3 who have or are at risk for developmental delays. | cde.ca.gov |
| education reform reforma educativa |
Systematic changes to educational policies, practices, or structures to improve student outcomes. | cde.ca.gov |
| elementary education educación primaria |
Education provided at the primary school level, typically kindergarten through grade 5 or 6. | cde.ca.gov |
| elementary school escuela primaria |
A school serving students in kindergarten through grade 5 or 6. | cde.ca.gov |
| eligible elegible |
Meeting the criteria required to qualify for a program, service, or benefit. | cde.ca.gov |
| English language proficiency dominio de inglés |
A student’s ability to use English for academic and social purposes. | cde.ca.gov |
| English proficient Competente/proficiente en inglés |
A designation for a student who has demonstrated sufficient English to participate in a mainstream classroom. | cde.ca.gov |
| enrollment inscripción; matrícula |
The process of registering a student in a school; also the total number of students registered. | cde.ca.gov |
| equity equidad |
Ensuring all students receive what they need to reach their full potential, accounting for differences in resources. | cde.ca.gov |
| evaluation evaluación |
The formal process of assessing a student to determine eligibility for special education or to measure progress. | cde.ca.gov |
| evidence-based decisions decisiones basadas en evidencia |
Choices made using data and research to guide instructional and programmatic actions. | cde.ca.gov |
| Executive Function función ejecutiva |
Mental skills helping people manage time, pay attention, plan, organize, and remember details. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Executive Functioning Deficits déficits en las funciones ejecutivas |
Difficulties with mental processes enabling planning, organizing, strategizing, paying attention, and managing time and space. | ldaamerica.org |
| expanding performance level nivel de rendimiento en ampliación |
A level on California’s ELD scale indicating growing English language proficiency. | cde.ca.gov |
| expel, to expulsar |
To permanently remove a student from school as a disciplinary measure. | cde.ca.gov |
| expository writing escritura explicativa |
Writing that explains, informs, or describes a topic using facts and evidence. | cde.ca.gov |
| extended school year año escolar prolongado |
Special education services provided beyond the regular school year to prevent significant regression. | cde.ca.gov |
| extracurricular extracurricular |
Activities outside the regular academic curriculum, such as sports, clubs, or the arts. | cde.ca.gov |
| F | ||
| fail, to reprobar |
To not meet the minimum requirements for passing a course or assessment. | cde.ca.gov |
| financial literacy el conocimiento financiero |
Knowledge and skills related to personal finance, budgeting, and economic concepts. | cde.ca.gov |
| fine motor skills habilidades motrices afinadas |
The ability to make small, precise movements using the hands and fingers. | cde.ca.gov |
| flexibility flexibilidad |
The ability of muscles and joints to move through their full range of motion. | cde.ca.gov |
| fluency fluidez |
The ability to read, speak, or perform mathematical operations accurately, quickly, and with proper expression. | cde.ca.gov |
| fluency deficit déficit de fluidez |
A type of instructional deficit in which a child needs to practice a skill or receive coaching in order to use a skill effectively. An example is a reading fluency deficit, where the child cannot read smoothly or does so at too slow a rate. | specialeducationguide.com |
| fluent con fluidez |
Able to produce or understand language with ease, accuracy, and natural expression. | cde.ca.gov |
| formative assessment evaluación formativa |
Ongoing assessment during instruction used to monitor learning and adjust teaching. | cde.ca.gov |
| foster youth jóvenes en hogar temporal |
Children and youth in the foster care system who may require additional educational supports. | cde.ca.gov |
| framework marco curricular |
A curriculum document providing guidance on what to teach aligned to state standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| freshman alumno/a del primer año de preparatoria |
A student in the first year of high school or college. | cde.ca.gov |
| Full Inclusion inclusión total; plena inclusión |
An educational approach in which all students with disabilities receive all instruction in the general education classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| G | ||
| grade grado |
A specific year of study; also a score indicating performance on an assignment or course. | cde.ca.gov |
| grade level grado escolar |
The academic expectations assigned to a specific year of study. | cde.ca.gov |
| grade-level standards normas al nivel de grado escolar |
Academic content and performance expectations defined for students at a particular grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| graduation graduación |
Successful completion of a required course of study resulting in award of a diploma. | cde.ca.gov |
| graduation ceremony ceremonia de graduación |
A formal event celebrating students’ completion of their educational program. | cde.ca.gov |
| graduation rates índice de graduación |
The percentage of students who complete secondary education and earn a diploma within a standard number of years. | cde.ca.gov |
| grant subvención |
Funds provided by a government agency or foundation to support a specific program or initiative. | cde.ca.gov |
| gross motor skills habilidades motrices gruesas |
Large-muscle movement abilities such as running and jumping, important for physical education. | cde.ca.gov |
| Group Intelligence Tests pruebas de inteligencia grupales |
Tests, often administered in the general education classroom, that measure academic ability as well as a child’s cognitive level. It is through these types of tests that a teacher might first suspect that a student has a learning disability. | specialeducationguide.com |
| guidelines directirices; lineamientos |
Official recommendations or directions for implementing programs and policies. | cde.ca.gov |
| H | ||
| habitual truant estudiante que falta a la escuela de manera habitual sin justificación |
A student who is absent from school repeatedly without valid excuse. | cde.ca.gov |
| handwriting letra manuscrita |
The form of writing produced by hand; assessed as a component of fine motor and literacy development. | cde.ca.gov |
| harassment hostigamiento; acoso |
Unwanted behavior creating a hostile environment; prohibited in schools under federal and state law. | cde.ca.gov |
| hearing impairment impedimento auditivo |
An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. | nichcy.org |
| heritage language program programa de idiomas de herencia |
A program designed to maintain and develop the home language of students who speak a non-English language at home. | cde.ca.gov |
| high school escuela secundaria; la preparatoria |
A secondary school serving students in grades 9–12. | cde.ca.gov |
| high school equivalency tests pruebas de equivalencia de secundaria |
Assessments allowing students who did not graduate from high school to earn an equivalent credential. | cde.ca.gov |
| high-quality assessment evaluación de alta calidad |
An assessment that is valid, reliable, and aligned to standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| high-stakes assessment evaluación con consecuencias mayores |
An assessment whose results are used to make important decisions about students, teachers, or schools. | cde.ca.gov |
| higher education educación superior |
Post-secondary education provided by colleges and universities. | cde.ca.gov |
| highly qualified teacher maestro/a altamente acreditado/a |
Under NCLB, a teacher who is fully certified, holds at least a bachelor’s degree, and demonstrates subject-matter competence. | cde.ca.gov |
| history-social science historia-ciencias sociales |
The academic subject area encompassing history, geography, economics, and civics. | cde.ca.gov |
| home language lengua materna |
The language or languages spoken in a student’s home environment. | cde.ca.gov |
| home schooling enseñanza en el hogar |
An educational approach in which parents provide instruction to their children at home. | cde.ca.gov |
| home visit visita a casa |
A visit by a school staff member to a student’s home to support family engagement. | cde.ca.gov |
| homeless sin hogar |
Students who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, protected under the McKinney-Vento Act. | cde.ca.gov |
| I | ||
| IEP Team Equipo del IEP |
The team of qualified professionals made up of the parent, special education teacher, interpreter of test data, district representative, and general education teacher at a minimum. This group makes all decisions related to the instructional program of a child with special needs, including placement and services provided. In some states this team is called the admission, review and dismissal (ARD) team. | specialeducationguide.com |
| illiteracy analfabetismo |
The inability to read and write at a functional level. | cde.ca.gov |
| immigrant inmigrante |
A person who has moved to a new country, often used in educational contexts to describe students born outside the U.S. | cde.ca.gov |
| in-person instruction educación presencial |
Teaching and learning with students and teachers physically present in the same location. | cde.ca.gov |
| inclusion / inclusive classroom inclusión / salón inclusivo; inclusión / aula inclusiva |
The term inclusion communicates an all-embracing societal ideology. Regarding individuals with disabilities and special education, inclusion secures opportunities for students with disabilities to learn inside mainstream classrooms. Mainstream classrooms in which students with disabilities learn are known as inclusive classrooms. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Indirect Assessment evaluación indirecta |
A component of functional behavioral assessment (FBA) that involves interviewing teachers, parents and other adults who have contact with a student, asking questions about that student’s disruptive behavior and when and where it occurs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Individual Intelligence Tests pruebas individuales de inteligencia |
Intelligence tests that are administered to a student one on one. These tests are often part of the assessment process. Two common individual intelligence tests are the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale. | specialeducationguide.com |
| information bulletin boletín informativo |
An official document issued to communicate updates or guidance to schools and districts. | cde.ca.gov |
| informative writing redacción informativa |
Writing designed to explain or describe a topic to an audience using factual information. | cde.ca.gov |
| informed consent consentimiento informado |
Signed parental consent required before a district assesses, significantly revises, or starts or stops services for a child with a disability. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| initial assessment evaluación inicial |
The first evaluation of a student to establish a baseline or determine eligibility for services. | cde.ca.gov |
| initial identification identificación inicial |
The first formal determination that a student may have a disability requiring evaluation. | cde.ca.gov |
| instruction instrucción |
The deliberate delivery of academic content and skills by a teacher to students. | cde.ca.gov |
| instructional aide asistente educativo; asistente de instrucción; auxiliar educativo |
A school employee assisting teachers in delivering instruction, particularly to students with disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| instructional materials materiales de enseñanzas |
Books, digital resources, and other materials used to support teaching and learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| instructional strategies estrategias de enseñanzas |
Specific methods teachers use to deliver content and support student learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| integrated English language development desarrollo de inglés integrado |
Instruction in which ELD standards are used alongside academic content standards to support English learners. | cde.ca.gov |
| interim assessments evaluaciones interinas |
Assessments administered periodically during the year to monitor student progress and inform instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| internship pasantía |
A supervised work experience program in which students gain practical skills in a professional setting. | cde.ca.gov |
| interventions intervenciones |
Sets of teaching procedures used by educators to help students who are struggling with a skill or lesson succeed in the classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| J | ||
| junior high school escuela secundaria (grados 6 al 8) |
A school serving students in grades 6–8, transitioning between elementary and high school. | cde.ca.gov |
| juvenile justice system sistema de justicia juvenil |
The system of courts and programs designed to address offenses committed by minors. | cde.ca.gov |
| K | ||
| kindergarten jardín de infancia; jardín infantil; kindergarten |
The first year of formal schooling, typically for children ages 5–6. | cde.ca.gov |
| kinesthetic quinestético/a |
Relating to learning through physical movement and hands-on activities. | cde.ca.gov |
| L | ||
| language idioma; lengua; lenguaje |
A structured system of communication including spoken, signed, and written forms. | cde.ca.gov |
| language acquisition program programa de adquisición de idiomas |
A program designed to support students in developing proficiency in a new language. | cde.ca.gov |
| language arts artes de lenguaje |
The academic subject area including reading, writing, speaking, and listening. | cde.ca.gov |
| language assessment results resultados de la evaluación de idiomas |
The outcomes of evaluations measuring a student’s proficiency in one or more languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| language development desarrollo de lenguaje |
The process by which children acquire the ability to comprehend and produce language. | cde.ca.gov |
| learner aprendiz |
A student or individual engaged in the process of acquiring knowledge or skills. | cde.ca.gov |
| Learning Difference diferencia de aprendizaje |
A term emphasizing that individuals learn differently rather than that learning is impaired; used in place of ‘learning disability.’ | ldaamerica.org |
| learning loss pérdida de aprendizaje |
A decline in academic knowledge or skills, often due to extended absence from school. | cde.ca.gov |
| learning strategies estrategias de aprendizaje |
Techniques students use to acquire, organize, and apply knowledge. | cde.ca.gov |
| letter grade calificación con letra(s) |
A letter (A, B, C, D, F) used to represent a student’s level of academic performance in a course. | cde.ca.gov |
| life science ciencias naturales |
The branch of science studying living organisms, including biology, ecology, and physiology. | cde.ca.gov |
| literacy lectoescritura; alfabetización |
The ability to read and write; in broader usage, competence in a specific area. | cde.ca.gov |
| low-income families familias de bajos ingresos |
Families whose household income falls at or below a defined threshold, often qualifying for assistance programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| low-performing schools escuelas de bajo rendimiento |
Schools where students are consistently not meeting academic achievement standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| M | ||
| magnet school escuela magnet |
A public school with a specialized curriculum designed to attract students from across a district. | cde.ca.gov |
| mathematics matemáticas |
The academic subject involving numbers, quantities, shapes, and their relationships. | cde.ca.gov |
| mental health salud mental |
A student’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being, which can affect learning and behavior. | cde.ca.gov |
| middle school escuela secundaria |
A school serving students in grades 6–8. | cde.ca.gov |
| minimum academic requirements requisitos académicos mínimos |
The lowest acceptable level of academic performance required to pass a course or advance a grade. | cde.ca.gov |
| minor menor de edad |
A person under the age of legal adulthood, typically 18. | cde.ca.gov |
| minorities minorías |
Groups underrepresented in a population, often used in educational contexts to describe racial or ethnic groups. | cde.ca.gov |
| modifications modificaciones |
Curricular adaptations that compensate for learners’ weaknesses by changing or lowering expectations or standards. | specialeducationguide.com |
| monitoring monitoreo; seguimiento |
A component of the RTI process that involves assessing, keeping accurate records of and monitoring student progress, responsiveness to instruction and intervention. The term is also used for a state’s evaluation of each district’s compliance with mandates of IDEA and state special education code. | specialeducationguide.com |
| monolingual monolingüe |
Able to speak or use only one language. | cde.ca.gov |
| most significant cognitive disabilities discapacidades cognitivas más significantes |
A term used to describe students eligible for alternate assessments due to the severity of their cognitive impairments. | cde.ca.gov |
| multicultural education educación multicultural |
An approach to teaching incorporating perspectives and contributions of diverse cultural groups. | cde.ca.gov |
| multilingual education educación multilingüe |
Instruction that supports learning in multiple languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| multiple disabilities discapacidades múltiples |
Concomitant impairments resulting in severe educational needs that cannot be addressed by programs for a single disability. | cde.ca.gov |
| Multiple Intelligences Theory teoría de inteligencias múltiples |
A theory which outlines students’ varied approaches for processing information (known as “intelligences”) and how teachers can access these pathways. | specialeducationguide.com |
| multiple measures medidas múltiples |
The use of more than one form of data or assessment to evaluate student performance or school quality. | cde.ca.gov |
| multiple-choice questions preguntas de opción múltiple |
Test questions offering a set of options from which students select the correct or best answer. | cde.ca.gov |
| Multisensory Instruction instrucción multisensorial |
Teaching methods engaging multiple senses to help students with learning disabilities process and retain information. | specialeducationguide.com |
| N | ||
| national origin origen nacional |
The country from which a student or their family emigrated; a protected class under federal civil rights laws. | cde.ca.gov |
| native English speakers angloparlantes; hablantes nativos de inglés |
Students whose primary or first language is English. | cde.ca.gov |
| native language lengua maternal; idioma maternal |
The first language of an individual. A school district is required to evaluate a student in his or her native language, or document proficiency in English, before they can identify that student as having a disability and provide special education services. In addition, parents must be offered evaluation plans and individualized education plans (IEPs) in their native language before giving informed consent. | specialeducationguide.com |
| natural environment entorno natural; ambiente natural |
An educational setting that is comparable to the setting provided to children without disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| neurological disorder trastorno neurológico |
A disorder of the brain, spinal cord, or nerves that may underlie learning disabilities and attention disorders. | ldaamerica.org |
| newcomer center centro para recién llegados |
A program or school designed to support newly arrived immigrant students transitioning into the U.S. school system. | cde.ca.gov |
| norm-referenced results resultados con referencia a las normas |
Assessment results comparing a student’s performance to a normative group. | cde.ca.gov |
| Norm-Referenced Test prueba con norma de referencia; prueba normativa |
An assessment comparing a student’s performance to a normative group at the same age or grade level. | specialeducationguide.com |
| nurse enfermero/a |
A school health professional who addresses students’ medical needs and promotes wellness. | cde.ca.gov |
| nurse’s office enfermería |
The designated room in a school where health services are provided to students. | cde.ca.gov |
| nursery school guardería de niños; guardería infantil |
An early childhood program for children typically ages 3–5 before kindergarten. | cde.ca.gov |
| nutrition nutrición |
The process of obtaining and using food for health and growth; also refers to school meal programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| O | ||
| Observational Records registros de observación |
Information about a child’s academic performance provided by anyone who works with a child. Observational records are a common element of an assessment plan. | specialeducationguide.com |
| One-to-One Aide asistente individual; ayudante personal |
A paraprofessional assigned exclusively to one student with significant support needs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| oral language expresión oral |
The ability to communicate through speaking and listening. | cde.ca.gov |
| oral language skills competencia de expresión oral |
The ability to use spoken language effectively for communication and learning. | cde.ca.gov |
| oral vocabulary vocabulario oral |
The set of words a student understands and uses in spoken language. | cde.ca.gov |
| orthopedic impairment impedimento ortopédico |
A severe physical impairment adversely affecting a student’s educational performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| outcomes resultados; logros |
Short-term goals that are a critical component of an individualized family service plan (IFSP). They must be relevant, specific and measurable. | specialeducationguide.com |
| P | ||
| paraprofessional paraprofesional |
A school staff member working under teacher supervision to provide instructional support to students. | cde.ca.gov |
| parental notification notificación para padres de familia |
The process of informing parents or guardians of school decisions, policies, or changes affecting their child. | cde.ca.gov |
| parents and guardians padres y tutores |
The adults legally responsible for a child’s welfare and education. | cde.ca.gov |
| Peer-Mediated Instruction instrucción mediada por compañeros |
Instructional strategies using students to provide academic support and social interaction for peers with disabilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| performance assessments evaluaciones de rendimiento |
Evaluations requiring students to demonstrate knowledge by completing a task or project. | cde.ca.gov |
| performance deficit déficit de rendimiento; déficit de desempeño |
A social or academic skills deficit in which a student understands a particular skill, but fails to implement it consistently. | specialeducationguide.com |
| performance level nivel de rendimiento |
A defined category indicating where a student’s test score falls. | cde.ca.gov |
| performance standards normas de rendimiento |
Descriptions of the quality of work required to achieve each performance level. | cde.ca.gov |
| performance tasks ejercicios de rendimiento |
Assessment activities requiring students to apply knowledge and skills to solve a problem. | cde.ca.gov |
| Performance-Based Tests pruebas basadas en el rendimiento; pruebas basadas en el desempeño |
Evaluations, such as the Woodcock Johnson, Third Edition (WJIII) or the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT), that are used to help determine a child’s eligibility for special education services. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Phonemic Awareness conciencia fonémica |
The ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Phonics fonética; instrucción fónica; aprendizaje sonido-letra |
A method of teaching reading and spelling emphasizing the relationship between symbols and sounds. | ldaamerica.org |
| Phonological Processing procesamiento fonológico; manejo de sonidos del lenguaje |
The use of the sound structure of language to process written and oral language. | specialeducationguide.com |
| physical science ciencia física |
The branch of science studying non-living systems, including physics and chemistry. | cde.ca.gov |
| policy política |
A set of rules or guidelines governing the operation of a school, district, or educational system. | cde.ca.gov |
| portfolio assessment evaluación por portafolio; evaluación por carpeta de trabajos |
A collection of student work over time demonstrating learning, growth, and achievement. | specialeducationguide.com |
| postsecondary post secundario |
Relating to education or training after high school graduation. | cde.ca.gov |
| preschool escuela preescolar; centro preescolar |
An early childhood education program for children ages 3–5 before kindergarten. | cde.ca.gov |
| preschool learning foundations fundamentos de aprendizaje preescolar |
California documents describing what children typically learn in preschool programs. | cde.ca.gov |
| present levels niveles actuales [de desempeño] |
A component of an individualized education program (IEP) that defines a student’s strengths and weaknesses, current levels of academic achievement, and current levels of functional performance. Before 2004 this part of the IEP was called present levels of performance | specialeducationguide.com |
| primary language lengua materna; idioma natal; idioma nativo |
The language first learned by and most dominant for a child. | cde.ca.gov |
| processing speed velocidad de procesamiento |
The time it takes to respond to information; students with slow processing speed may need extended time for tasks. | ldaamerica.org |
| professional development capacitación; desarrollo profesional |
Training and learning activities designed to improve the knowledge and effectiveness of educators. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficiency aptitud; dominio; competencia |
A demonstrated level of competence or mastery in a skill or subject. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficiency level nivel de competencia |
A defined point on a scale describing a student’s degree of mastery in a subject or language. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficient proficiente |
Having demonstrated competence or mastery at the expected level. | cde.ca.gov |
| proficient performance level nivel de rendimiento proficiente |
The achievement level indicating a student has met grade-level academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| progress monitoring monitoreo del progreso; seguimiento del progreso |
Frequent assessment of students’ academic performance to evaluate instructional effectiveness. | specialeducationguide.com |
| progress report informe de progreso |
A periodic document informing parents or guardians of a student’s academic performance and growth. | cde.ca.gov |
| psychoeducational evaluation evaluación psicoeducativa |
A comprehensive assessment of a student’s cognitive, academic, and social-emotional functioning for special education eligibility. | specialeducationguide.com |
| public schools escuelas públicas |
Schools funded and operated by the government and open to all students. | cde.ca.gov |
| pull-out services servicios fuera del salón; servicios fuera del aula; servicios de apoyo externo |
Special education services provided in a separate setting outside the general education classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| push-in services servicios dentro del salón; apoyo en el salón regular; servicios dentro del aula; apoyo en el aula regular |
Special education services provided within the general education classroom. | specialeducationguide.com |
| R | ||
| reclassification reclasificación |
The process of changing a student’s status from English learner to fluent English proficient. | cde.ca.gov |
| regulations reglamentos; regulaciones |
Official rules issued by government agencies to implement laws governing education. | cde.ca.gov |
| report card reporte de calificaciones; boleta de calificaciones |
A periodic document summarizing a student’s academic grades and progress in each subject. | cde.ca.gov |
| research-based basado en la investigación |
Grounded in evidence from scientific studies; a criterion for selecting instructional programs and practices. | cde.ca.gov |
| resource room salón de recursos; aula de recursos |
A separate classroom where students receive individualized or small group instruction from a special education teacher. | specialeducationguide.com |
| rubric rúbrica |
A scoring guide describing criteria and levels of quality for evaluating student work. | cde.ca.gov |
| S | ||
| scaffolding apoyo estructurado; enseñanza estructurada |
Temporary instructional support helping students access content they could not engage with independently. | cde.ca.gov |
| Scatter Plot diagrama de dispersión; gráfico de dispersión; registro de dispersión; nube de puntos |
A form used in direct assessment to record disruptive behavior and show the behavior’s frequency and the time of day at which it occurs. | specialeducationguide.com |
| scholarship beca |
Financial aid awarded to students based on academic merit, need, or other criteria. | cde.ca.gov |
| school board mesa directiva escolar |
The elected or appointed governing body overseeing a school district’s policies and operations. | cde.ca.gov |
| school calendar calendario escolar |
The schedule of instructional days, holidays, and key events for a school year. | cde.ca.gov |
| school choice opción de escuela |
Policies allowing parents to choose which public school their child attends. | cde.ca.gov |
| school district distrito escolar |
A local education agency responsible for administering public schools in a defined geographic area. | cde.ca.gov |
| school records registros escolares; expedientes escolares |
Official documents maintained by a school documenting a student’s enrollment and academic history. | cde.ca.gov |
| school reform reforma educativa; reforma escolar |
Systematic changes to educational practices, policies, or structures aimed at improving outcomes. | cde.ca.gov |
| school year año escolar |
The period during which school is officially in session. | cde.ca.gov |
| science ciencias |
The academic subject involving the study of the natural and physical world through observation and experiment. | cde.ca.gov |
| second language acquisition adquisición del segundo idioma |
The process by which a person learns a language other than their native language. | cde.ca.gov |
| secondary education enseñanza secundaria; educación secundaria |
Education provided at the high school level, typically grades 9–12. | cde.ca.gov |
| Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act Sección 504 de la Ley de Rehabilitación |
A federal civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs receiving federal funds. | ldaamerica.org |
| Section 504 plan plan de la Sección 504 |
A plan under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act providing accommodations to students who do not qualify for special education. | cde.ca.gov |
| self-contained classroom salón de educación especial; aula de educación especial |
A special education classroom where students with disabilities receive most or all instruction separately from general education students. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Self-Determination autodeterminación |
The ability of individuals with disabilities to make choices, set goals, and control their own lives. | specialeducationguide.com |
| sheltered English instruction instrucción estructurada en inglés |
An approach to teaching academic content in English to English learners using strategies to make content comprehensible. | cde.ca.gov |
| significant cognitive disabilities discapacidades cognitivas significativas |
Disabilities severe enough to require alternate assessments and highly individualized instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| skill evaluation evaluación de habilidades |
Diagnostic measures for determining a child’s gross motor skills, fine manipulative skills and hearing, sight, speech and language abilities, administered by specialists such as a school speech pathologist or general practitioner. A skills evaluation is a common element of an assessment plan. | specialeducationguide.com |
| skills habilidades; capacidades; destrezas |
Learned abilities in academic, physical, social, or other domains. | cde.ca.gov |
| Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium Consorcio de los exámenes Smarter Balanced |
The organization that develops and administers the Smarter Balanced summative and interim assessments. | cde.ca.gov |
| social and emotional well-being bienestar social y emocional |
A student’s overall mental health, including emotional regulation, relationships, and sense of belonging. | cde.ca.gov |
| social skills training entrenamiento en habilidades sociales; enseñanza de habilidades sociales |
Instruction designed to improve interpersonal skills, communication, and appropriate social behavior. | specialeducationguide.com |
| socioeconomically disadvantaged students estudiantes desfavorecidos socioeconomicamente |
Students from low-income families who may face additional barriers to academic achievement. | cde.ca.gov |
| speaking expresión oral; producción oral |
The act of producing oral language to communicate with others. | cde.ca.gov |
| speaking and listening comprensión auditiva y expresión oral |
The integrated skills of producing and comprehending oral language. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard exceeded norma superada |
The highest performance designation on California state assessments, indicating a student has surpassed grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard met norma logrado |
A performance designation indicating a student has fully met grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard nearly met norma casi logrado |
A performance designation indicating a student nearly but did not fully meet grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standard not met norma no logrado |
A performance designation indicating a student has not met grade-level standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standardized testing pruebas estandarizadas/normalizadas |
The administration of tests in a consistent manner allowing comparison across students and groups. | cde.ca.gov |
| standards normas |
Statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do at each grade level. | cde.ca.gov |
| standards-aligned instruction enseñanza alineada con las normas |
Teaching that is designed to help students meet specific academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| standards-based curriculum currículo basado en las normas |
A curriculum designed around and assessed against academic standards. | cde.ca.gov |
| Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (derived from the Binet-Simon Test) escala de inteligencia Stanford-Binet (derivada de la prueba Binet-Simon) |
A norm-referenced individual intelligence test, administered by the school psychologist or special education team. The questions are designed to help educators differentiate between students performing below grade level because of cognitive disabilities and those who do so for other reasons. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Stay-Put Law disposición de permanencia educativa; ley de permanencia en la colocación actual |
A law allowing a parent to request a child remain in their current educational placement while an IEP or FAPE offer is in dispute. | understandingspecialeducation.com |
| student estudiante; alumno/a |
An individual enrolled in an educational program. | cde.ca.gov |
| student achievement desempeño del estudiante |
The level of academic knowledge and skill a student demonstrates. | cde.ca.gov |
| student baseline nivel de referencia del estudiante; línea base del estudiante; nivel inicial del estudiante |
A student’s starting point, determined by data collected through universal screening tools. A student’s baseline is used to measure his or her progress throughout the year. | specialeducationguide.com |
| student subgroups subgrupos de estudiantes |
Specific groups of students tracked separately in accountability systems, including English learners, students with disabilities, and low-income students. | cde.ca.gov |
| students with disabilities estudiante con discapacidades |
Students identified under IDEA as having one or more disabilities and receiving special education services. | cde.ca.gov |
| subject materia |
A specific area of academic study, such as mathematics, science, or English language arts. | cde.ca.gov |
| substitute teacher maestro/a suplente |
A teacher temporarily replacing a regular classroom teacher. | cde.ca.gov |
| summative assessment evaluación sumativa |
An assessment given at the end of an instructional period to measure what students have learned. | cde.ca.gov |
| supplement not supplant suplementar no suplantar |
A federal requirement that federal funds add to, not replace, state and local education funding. | cde.ca.gov |
| suspend, to suspender |
To temporarily remove a student from school as a disciplinary measure. | cde.ca.gov |
| T | ||
| Transition Meeting reunión de transición |
A meeting of the individualized education program (IEP) team prior to a student moving into a new program or school. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Transition/Transition Plan transición / plan de transición |
Transition is a general term used to describe a change in a student’s school or program. A transition plan is specific to an IEP: a student who will turn 16 within the life of his or her individualized education program must have a transition goal and plan that outlines how he or she will transition to life beyond high school. | specialeducationguide.com |
| transitional bilingual program programa bilingüe de transición |
A bilingual program in which students receive initial instruction in their home language while transitioning to English-only instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| Transitional Kindergarten (Universal TK) transición a kindergarten; kindergarten transicional |
A California program providing an additional year of kindergarten-level instruction for eligible four-year-olds. | cde.ca.gov |
| Triennial Review (Tri) revisión trienal; revisión cada tres años |
An IEP review meeting that takes place every three years. During this meeting, the IEP team meets to discuss a student’s continuing eligibility for special education services. It is often combined with the IEP annual review (AR). | specialeducationguide.com |
| truant estudiante que falta a la escuela sin justificación |
A student who is absent from school without a valid excuse. | cde.ca.gov |
| tutoring tutoría; instrucción suplementaria |
Supplemental academic instruction provided individually or in small groups outside regular classroom instruction. | cde.ca.gov |
| Twice Exceptional (2e) doblemente excepcional; estudiante con talentos y discapacidades |
A student who is both gifted and has a disability or learning difference. | specialeducationguide.com |
| two-way immersion program programa de doble inmersión |
A bilingual model in which native English speakers and native speakers of another language learn together in both languages. | cde.ca.gov |
| U | ||
| unexcused absence ausencia injustificada |
An absence from school not supported by a valid reason or parental excuse. | cde.ca.gov |
| universal access acceso universal |
The principle that all students should have equal access to instruction and assessments. | cde.ca.gov |
| universal design diseño universal; diseño accesible para todos |
An approach that makes a curriculum accessible to all students, regardless of their backgrounds, learning styles and abilities. | specialeducationguide.com |
| Universal Screening Tool herramienta de detección universal |
A test that can correctly identify students who are struggling with grade-level concepts or skills. A universal screening tool is used as part of the RTI process. | specialeducationguide.com |
| V | ||
| validity validez |
The degree to which an assessment measures what it is intended to measure. | cde.ca.gov |
| verbal comprehension comprensión verbal |
The ability to understand and reason using language-based information. | cde.ca.gov |
| vice principal subdirector/a |
The assistant to the school principal who may oversee discipline, scheduling, or other administrative duties. | cde.ca.gov |
| visual impairment impedimento visual; discapacidad visual |
An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child’s educational performance. | cde.ca.gov |
| Visual Processing Disorder trastorno del procesamiento visual |
A condition affecting the ability to interpret and give meaning to information taken in through the eyes. | ldaamerica.org |
| W | ||
| waiver prescindir del requisito; dispensar el requisito |
Official permission to be exempt from a specific rule or requirement. | cde.ca.gov |
| Widening Gap brecha creciente; brecha en aumento; diferencia creciente |
The gap between what a child with a disability knows and what his or her peers know, which widens as he or she advances to higher grades. | specialeducationguide.com |
| word recognition reconocimiento de palabras |
The ability to identify words in print accurately and automatically. | ldaamerica.org |
| working memory memoria de trabajo |
The ability to hold information in mind while using it; deficits cause difficulty with multi-step tasks. | ldaamerica.org |
| writing escritura y redacción |
The act of composing text to communicate ideas; an academic subject and assessed skill. | cde.ca.gov |
| writing conventions normas de la escritura; reglas de la escritura |
The rules of grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling that govern written language. | cde.ca.gov |
| written language expresión escrita |
Language expressed in written form, as opposed to oral or signed language. | cde.ca.gov |